not-yet-known not-yet-known not-yet-known unknown 6.2.2 Biochar-Assisted Adsorption Biochar, a carbon-rich material, made from thermal treatment of biomass through pyrolyzing the biomass between 300 °C and 600 °C under limited oxygen conditions (Zheng et al., 2013). Recently, it is gaining attention as an eco-friendly adsorbent. Being used in the removing both organic and inorganic contaminants as it was found the persistent free radicals in biochar activates S2O82− or H2O2 to produce active oxygen, thereby degrading these contaminants (Ruan et al., 2019; Yang et al., 2016). Biochar can further be modified through physical or chemical means to enhance the property of adsorbent (S &amp; P, 2019b). Cheng et al. (2021) gives an in depth literature review on modified biochar. Compared to activated carbon, it offers advantages such as lower production costs and being able to remove a wide array of pollutants, like toxic metals and hormone-disrupting chemicals. (Zhao et al., 2016). Because of its greater surface area and larger micropores, biochar is able to remove benzophenol, ß- estradiol, benzotriazole, and bisphenol A by 5–30% more than powdered activated carbon (Kim et al. 2016). Feedstock and thermal activation conditions can also affect the removal efficiency of biochar. Zheng, Wang, Zhao, et al. (2013) demonstrated that biochar generated without thermal activation removed 35% of sulfamethoxazole, while thermal activation could only remove <16%. Whereas Yao et al. (2012) demonstrated when sugarcane and wood were used as the feedstock, sulfamethoxazole removal was 21% and 12%, respectively. Much like activated carbon, the feedstock used to produce biochar has a significant effect on the efficiency and selectivity in the removal of ECs. Biochar derived from digested sewage sludge has got better removal of heavy metals than other (Jagadeesh & Sundaram, 2023). Overall, biochar is a promising alternative to conventional adsorbents, where sustainability and cost-effectiveness are key considerations.