6.2.11 Nanomaterials 
Nanomaterials (NMs) remain a highly discussed topic, with ongoing research focused on their environmental presence, behaviour, and toxicity, alongside the continuous development of new NMs. Nanosilver (nAg) is still the most widely used material, commonly found in bandages, body stockings, T-shirts, food containers, children’s blankets, towels and toys. Nanomaterials such as graphene, fullerenes, single-walled carbon nanotubes, nTiO2, nZnO and nCeO2. There is a growing consensus that NM may also pose low environmental risk, although data are lacking in many areas (Lead et al., 2018). Nanomaterials have physical, chemical, and biological properties due to their nanoscale dimensions (usually 1 to 100 nm). The range of domains associated with the number usually affects their behaviour. Examples include carbon nanotubes, graphene, quantum dots, steel nanoparticles, and ceramic nanofibers. These materials’ exceptional properties are used in various packaging applications in fields such as electronics, energy, and biomedicine. The flexibility and tunability of nanomaterials make them important in different industries, stimulating the development of technologies such as electricity and energy for medical and environmental technologies (Pomerantseva et al., 2019).