1.
|
Aerobic
a)Granular sludge
b)MBR
|
Roxithromycin
17a-ethinylestradiol
|
95.2%
93%
|
High quality effluent, short hydraulic retention time (HRT), long solid
retention time (SRT), high volumetric loading rate
|
Requires more frequent routine maintenance; May release more nitrates to
groundwater
|
Yu et al.,(2020)
Nguyen et al.,(2014); Shahid et al.,(2021)
|
2.
|
Anaerobic
a)Sludge
b)AnMBR
|
Ciprofloxacin
Erythromycin
|
85%
86%
|
Production of biomethane gas, less sludge, better at dealing with
slurries with higher solid content
|
less efficient for hydrophilic and toxic emerging contaminants
|
Carneiro et al., (2020); Dutta et al.,(2014) Phan et al., 2018);
|
3.
|
Activated Carbon adsorption
a)Powdered
b)Granulated
|
17-Alphaethylestradiol
Metoprolol
|
83.3%
95%
|
High CEC removal, No formation of by-products, Full scale evidence on
practicability, Additional DOC removal
|
Production needs high energy, Adsorption capacity may fluctuate with
each batch,
|
Rizzo et al.,(2019);
Sun et al.,(2017);
Karelid et al.,(2017)
|
4. |
Biochar Assisted Adsorption (from tea waste) |
Sulfamethazine |
33.81mg/g |
lower production costs, ability to remove contaminants like
heavy metals, EDCs |
High energy and chemical consumption, process
complexity |
Rajapaksha et al.,(2014); Zhao et al., 2016); Enaime et
al.,(2020) |
5.
|
Clay Minerals Assisted Adsorption
(modified zeolites)
|
fluoroquinolones
|
99%
|
Cation exchange capacity and surface area can be modified, abundance in
nature
|
Low thermal stability, Regeneration issues
|
Maraschi et al., (2014); Chouikhi et al.,(2019)
|
6.
|
Hydrothermal Carbonization
|
Pb(II),
ciprofloxacin
|
119.61 98.38 mg/g
|
Conservation of energy, utilization of organic waste
|
Environmental concerns, Regulatory challenges
|
Qin et al.,(2023); Ischia et al.,(2024)
|
7. |
Coagulation – Flocculation |
Acetaminophen, Diclofenac |
< 20% |
effective in removing some hydrophobic
pharmaceuticals, removal of musky compounds |
Temperature sensitivity,
high dosage requirement, excessive sludge production |
Westerhoff et
al.,(2005); Pilliai and thombre.,(2023) |
8. |
Advanced Oxidation Processes |
Sulfamethoxazole |
>
90% |
Conversion into less hazardous and more biodegradable compounds |
High operational costs, complexity |
Reungoat et al.,(2011); Deng ad
Zhao., (2015) |
9.
|
Ozonation
a)single
b)catalytic
|
Ibuprofen (IBU)
|
26%
90%
|
Partial disinfection, Lower energy demand compared to UV/ H2O2 and
membranes
|
Formation of by-products (NDMA, bromate), Need for a subsequent
biological treatment
|
Bing et al.,(2015); Rizzo et al.,(2019)
|
10.
|
Chlorination
|
17α-estradiol, Estriol
|
> 90%
|
Maintains water quality, cost effectiveness
|
Corrosiveness, handling and safety concerns
|
Westerhoff et al.,(2005); (57);
(58)
|
11.
|
UV Irradiation
|
Tetracyclines,
Fluoroquinolones
|
80–95%
|
Use of solar irradiation, Effective as disinfection process too
|
Low kinetics, Formation of oxidation transformation products, Catalyst
removal
|
Kim et al.,(2009); Rizzo et al.,(2019)
|
12. |
Nanofilteration |
Amoxicillin |
99% |
useful for getting rid of
drugs, substances that cause hormone disruption |
Chemical resistance,
limited lifetime of membranes |
Oulebsir et al.,(2020); Hilal et al.,
2004; Bruggen et al.,(2008) |