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\begin{document}
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\title{Adaptive focusing multi-scale feature network for pinning defect
detection in transmission lines}



\author[1]{Guoxiang Hua}%
\author[2]{Moji Pan}%
\author[3]{Shuze Yin}%
\author[4]{Jiyuan Yan}%
\author[5]{Yeh-cheng Chen}%
\author[1]{Haisen Zhao}%
\affil[1]{North China Electric Power University}%
\affil[2]{Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology School of Automation}%
\affil[3]{Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology}%
\affil[4]{Wuxi University}%
\affil[5]{University of California Davis}%


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  \date{April 25, 2026}


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\begin{abstract}
With the development of smart grid, transmission line UAV intelligent
inspection technology has been widely used. Pin defect detection is a
common task in the intelligent inspection process, but due to the small
size of the pin bolts in the inspection image, it is difficult for the
existing detection algorithms to accurately recognize the pin defects in
the complex background. In this paper, an Adaptive Focusing Multi-scale
Feature Network (AFMFNet) is proposed. First, the Path-Interleaved
Deformation Convolution (PIDC) is proposed to further enhance the
feature extraction ability for the irregular pose of pin bolt. Second,
the Small Target Enhanced Pyramid (STEP) is constructed. It realizes the
effective fusion of multi-scale features of small targets through the
differentiated processing between different layers and the global
perception capability granted by CSP\_OmniKernel. Finally, the improved
Wise-MPDIoU loss function is utilized to improve the convergence speed
and regression accuracy of the model. AFMFNet enhances detection
accuracy for normal and defective pins by 7.5\% and 13.4\% respectively
compared to the baseline model, achieving a reasoning speed of 141.2 f/s
on PC, meeting real-time detection needs. Its robustness is verified in
complex scenarios, offering a new intelligent approach for transmission
line inspection.%
\end{abstract}%



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\textbf{Hosted file}

\verb`Adaptive focusing multi-scale feature network for pinning defect detection in transmission lines.docx`  available at \url{https://authorea.com/users/827397/articles/1276029-adaptive-focusing-multi-scale-feature-network-for-pinning-defect-detection-in-transmission-lines}

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