Task-irrelevant Working Memory Representations Saved by Conflicts
between Endogenous versus Exogenous Factors
Abstract
Maintaining task-relevant information in working memory (WM) while
preventing distraction from task-irrelevant information is essential for
adaptive behavior. However, whether the task-irrelevant information is
removed or retained in WM remains debated. This study addressed this
controversy across two experiments employing a retrospectively cueing
(retro-cue) paradigm that examined simultaneous influence from
endogenous and exogenous factors on internal representations. Behavioral
results showed that retro-cues aligning endogenous and exogenous factors
enhanced the retention for task-relevant information but negatively
impacted memory for task-irrelevant information. Conversely, retro-cues
that created conflicts between the two factors improved memory
performance for task-irrelevant information whereas sacrificed memory
for task-relevant information, in a way similar with retro-cues that
merely involved exogenous factors. Results of event-related potentials
(ERPs) provided direct evidence for the fate of task-irrelevant WM
information via the component of contralateral delayed activity (CDA).
ERP results of CDA suggested that task-irrelevant information was
dropped out of WM when endogenous and exogenous factors were aligned,
but was maintained in WM either when the two factors were in conflicts,
or when there was only the exogenous influence. To conclude, this study
suggested that task-irrelevant information was saved from being removed
out of WM when there were conflicts between endogenous and exogenous
factors, in a way similar with that when there was only exogenous
influence.