4 Material constituents present in the drugs used
The various drugs used for clinical interventions include the following constituents: gold, silver, iron oxide, calcium oxide sulfur, mercury sulfide, mercury, sulfur, mercurous chloride, arsenic trisulfate, ferrosso ferric oxide, copper sulfate, zinc carbonate, zinc sulfate, lead monoxide, arsenic trioxide, arsenic pentasulfide, arsenic trisulfide, arsenic disulfide, silver nitrate, mercuric chloride, mercuric sulfide, mercurous chloride, calcium sulfate, magnesium sulfate, calcium oxide, biogenic silica, zinc, arsenic, lead, cadmium, silver, aluminum, boron, barium, chromium, copper, iron, manganese, nickel, sodium, phosphor, potassium, magnesium, sodium, antimony, rubidium, strontium, iron, copper, silicon, and sodium borate. The patient was followed up, and no adverse drug reactions were reported. There was a drastic improvement in the clinical condition of the patient. The chemical constituents present in these drugs may contain therapeutic derivatives or nanomolecular structures of the source material, and these multifunctional nanostructures facilitate desirable biological processes as a result of their unique and peculiar structure‒property relationships. Metal nanoparticles, including silver, copper, iron and zinc, can act as sources of reactive oxygen species, and these reactive oxygen species can deactivate fungi and bacteria through various interaction mechanisms, such as lipid peroxidation pathway activation and membrane rupture through surface oxidation[27].
Metal nanoparticles and organic complex molecules present in phytochemicals can inhibit inflammation. Multiple multifunctional constituents, such as carboxylic acids, polyols, esters, aliphatics and biopolymers, are present in plant-based aqueous drug formulations and have antifungal, antibacterial and anti-inflammatory properties [28,29]. Recent reports also suggest that the phytochemicals present in classical ayurvedic drug sources, such as picrorhiza kurroa, emblica officianalis and tinospora cordifolia, which contain 3,5,9-trioxa-4-phosphaheneicosan-1-aminium,4-hydroxy-N,N,N-trimethyl-10-oxo-7-[(1oxododecyl)oxy]-, hydroxide, innersalt, 4-oxide, (R)-, 3-(octanoyloxy) propane-1,2-diyl bis(decanoate), succinic acid, 2-methylhex-3-yl 2,2,2-trifluoroethyl ester and neophytadiene, have antioxidant properties with specific abilities to inhibit the COX-2 and NOX-2 pathways [30]. Additionally, 3-(octanoyloxy) propane-1,2-diyl bis(decanoate), succinic acid, 2-methylhex-3-yl 2,2,2-trifluoroethyl ester, neophytadiene, 3,5,9-trioxa-4-phosphaheneicosan-1-aminium, 4-hydroxy-N,N,N-trimethyl-10-oxo-7-[(1-oxododecyl)oxy]-, hydroxide, inner salt, 4-oxide, (R)-. Neophytadiene can act as a good anti-inflammatory agent [30]. Moreover, the effectiveness of fumigation intervention may be due to the effect of molecules present in the soot [31]. The soot generated from fumigation of ayurvedic drugs may contain large carbon-based nanostructures with antifungal and antibacterial properties. Further advanced physicochemical and biochar characterization studies must be conducted to explore and understand the empirical evidence in this regard.
Table 1. The Ayurvedic drugs used in the clinical management of fungal sinusitis