4 Material constituents present in the drugs used
The various drugs used for clinical interventions include the following
constituents: gold, silver, iron oxide, calcium oxide sulfur, mercury
sulfide, mercury, sulfur, mercurous chloride, arsenic trisulfate,
ferrosso ferric oxide, copper sulfate, zinc carbonate, zinc sulfate,
lead monoxide, arsenic trioxide, arsenic pentasulfide, arsenic
trisulfide, arsenic disulfide, silver nitrate, mercuric chloride,
mercuric sulfide, mercurous chloride, calcium sulfate, magnesium
sulfate, calcium oxide, biogenic silica, zinc, arsenic, lead, cadmium,
silver, aluminum, boron, barium, chromium, copper, iron, manganese,
nickel, sodium, phosphor, potassium, magnesium, sodium, antimony,
rubidium, strontium, iron, copper, silicon, and sodium borate. The
patient was followed up, and no adverse drug reactions were reported.
There was a drastic improvement in the clinical condition of the
patient. The chemical constituents present in these drugs may contain
therapeutic derivatives or nanomolecular structures of the source
material, and these multifunctional nanostructures facilitate desirable
biological processes as a result of their unique and peculiar
structure‒property relationships. Metal nanoparticles, including silver,
copper, iron and zinc, can act as sources of reactive oxygen species,
and these reactive oxygen species can deactivate fungi and bacteria
through various interaction mechanisms, such as lipid peroxidation
pathway activation and membrane rupture through surface
oxidation[27].
Metal nanoparticles and organic complex molecules present in
phytochemicals can inhibit inflammation. Multiple multifunctional
constituents, such as carboxylic acids, polyols, esters, aliphatics and
biopolymers, are present in plant-based aqueous drug formulations and
have antifungal, antibacterial and anti-inflammatory properties
[28,29]. Recent reports also suggest that the phytochemicals present
in classical ayurvedic drug sources, such as picrorhiza kurroa, emblica
officianalis and tinospora cordifolia, which contain
3,5,9-trioxa-4-phosphaheneicosan-1-aminium,4-hydroxy-N,N,N-trimethyl-10-oxo-7-[(1oxododecyl)oxy]-,
hydroxide, innersalt, 4-oxide, (R)-, 3-(octanoyloxy) propane-1,2-diyl
bis(decanoate), succinic acid, 2-methylhex-3-yl 2,2,2-trifluoroethyl
ester and neophytadiene, have antioxidant properties with specific
abilities to inhibit the COX-2 and NOX-2 pathways [30].
Additionally, 3-(octanoyloxy) propane-1,2-diyl bis(decanoate), succinic
acid, 2-methylhex-3-yl 2,2,2-trifluoroethyl ester, neophytadiene,
3,5,9-trioxa-4-phosphaheneicosan-1-aminium,
4-hydroxy-N,N,N-trimethyl-10-oxo-7-[(1-oxododecyl)oxy]-, hydroxide,
inner salt, 4-oxide, (R)-. Neophytadiene can act as a good
anti-inflammatory agent [30]. Moreover, the effectiveness of
fumigation intervention may be due to the effect of molecules present in
the soot [31]. The soot generated from fumigation of ayurvedic drugs
may contain large carbon-based nanostructures with antifungal and
antibacterial properties. Further advanced physicochemical and biochar
characterization studies must be conducted to explore and understand the
empirical evidence in this regard.
Table 1. The Ayurvedic drugs used in the clinical management of
fungal sinusitis