Using existing preferences to select flagships for tourism and
conservation – a ‘Big five’ for a megadiverse region?
Abstract
Flagship species are used to promote conservation and tourism. Africa’s
famous ‘Big Five’, have become marketing flagships that fundraisers and
tourism promoters emulate on other continents, choosing regional groups
of species for marketing campaigns. Selections can be based on
characteristics identified as appealing: colour, size, or behaviour, but
this approach may overlook unique flagships or homogenise seelctions.
Polling the public to reveal existing preferences for animals may
identify suitable species more directly. We used questionnaires with
tourists in the Peruvian Amazon to identify existing biases for species
suitable for tourism and conservation marketing. Without a species list,
preferences were expressed at inconsistent taxonomic levels. The
response ‘monkeys’ (infraorder Simiiformes) was highest ranked, followed
by ‘jaguar’ (Panthera onca), ‘Amazon dolphin’ (Inia geoffrensis),
‘sloths’ (suborder Folivora), ‘caiman’ (subfamily Caimaninae) and
‘birds’ (class Aves). When ranking species from a preselected shortlist,
jaguar, Amazon dolphins, and sloths (represented by Bradypus variegatus)
remained popular, while vote splitting within higher taxonomic levels,
in particular monkeys, made room in the top rankings for green-winged
macaw (Ara chloropterus) and anaconda (Eunectes murinus). When asked
about their willingness to pay for excursions or donate to conservation,
tourists were overwhelmingly more likely to quote larger figures to see
or conserve jaguars than any other species, but results for other
species were more homogenous. Important species for tourism in
rainforest regions are often from diverse taxonomic groups; monkeys may
be represented by 8-14 species at single sites in Amazonia, birds by
several hundred species. A big five strategy obscures this diversity.
Similarly, using physical characteristics as selection criteria
underplays diversity and can overlook popular taxa. A strategy of
polling the public to identify regional flagships more directly
identifies salient species for marketing and is especially useful where
budgets are limited, but diversity may trump the Big five approach in
megadiverse areas.