Jacques Durr

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Protocols in hormone-receptor kinetics minimize the Hormone’s Bound fraction since minimizing ligand depletion (LD) allows assuming that (H-B)≅H, hence fitting a simplified pseudo-first-order (PFO) equation to obtain both rate constants, kon and koff, total receptor Bmax, and ns, the ligand’s fraction nonspecifically bound (NSB). However, this widespread method still lacks thorough validation. We numerically simulated ligand-receptor association to evaluate various kinetic equations for best parameter regressions. This PFO equation mismanages NSB and systematically underestimates kon and overestimates koff, flaws disguised under superb goodness-of-fits. We corrected its NSB handling, and, using a version more tolerant to LD, reduced its reciprocally skewed kinetic parameter fits that magnify its overestimation of Kd=koff/kon. However, since both remained approximate models, we integrated the second-order differential rate equation to precisely fit all parameters. Tiny simulated experimental variabilities, cause normally distributed residuals along its fitted curves but trends in +/– residuals for the fitted PFO equations, and erratic koff regressions for all, including this otherwise exact equation, when minimizing LD while H>10⸱Kd. We explain this overlooked regression pitfall by the differential rate equation’s structure. The PFO equation mismanages NSB, requires unfavorable LD minimization, displays lengthy trends in +/– residuals along its fitted curves, and systematically overestimates Kd=koff/kon. Instead, we fit the true kinetic equation under frank LD. This paradigm shift in the study of ligand-receptor kinetics allows precise kon, koff, Bmax, and ns regressions with meaningful goodness-of-fits, in one step. Additionally, we propose regression methods for real/non-real-time binding assays where NSB is either unmeasured or lost.