Climate change poses significant challenges to global livestock systems, necessitating a deeper understanding of how sheep adapt to diverse environmental conditions. This study aimed to identify genomic regions associated with hot and cold climate adaptation in 3066 sheep from 90 breeds worldwide using medium-density SNP data. The breeds were categorized into hot and cold-adapted groups based on their environmental origins. Through PCAdapt, we identified 132 genomic regions under selection across all breeds, with distinct signatures observed in hot (53 regions) and cold (49 regions) adapted groups. These regions encompassed genes crucial for thermoregulation (DNAJB5, SYCP2, TCF7, TSHR, NPR1, and MSRB3), coat colour (MITF, DCTN2) and immune response (CCL26, CDH1, TCF7, and TNFSF12). Functional enrichment analysis revealed biological processes and pathways associated with climate adaptation, including keratin filament organization and cytokine receptor binding in hot climate breeds, and calcium ion binding in cold climate breeds. Protein-protein interaction networks highlighted key hub genes like TP53 and S100A16, implicating their roles in adaptation mechanisms. Overlapping selection signals were observed across datasets, with several regions corroborated by previous studies. Our findings contribute to the understanding of sheep resilience to climate change and provide genetic markers for future breeding strategies aimed at enhancing livestock sustainability and productivity under changing climatic conditions.