Smallholder farming in dryland areas plays a crucial role in global food security, yet there is limited research on factors influencing the adoption of soil and water conservation (SWC) measures in these regions. This study addresses this gap by investigating SWC practices in Dass, Nigeria, and identifying key determinants affecting their implementation. Data were gathered through structured questionnaires, interviews, and focus groups with farmers across ten wards. Statistical analyses like logistic regression were used to assess socio-demographic influences on SWC utilization. The study highlights that factors such as income, education, distance to farmland, access to financial resources, and participation in farmer groups significantly influence SWC adoption. Interestingly, higher income and education levels were associated with lower SWC utilization, contrary to some existing literature. Conversely, longer distances to farmland increased SWC adoption rates. The findings underscore the importance of tailored strategies, directed to settings of a specific area, for promoting SWC. For the study area, such strategies should include enhancing extension services, improving financial accessibility, supporting farmer organizations, and enhancing education and training initiatives. These no doubt emphasize the need for locally specific approaches to enhance sustainable agriculture practices and food security in dryland farming ecosystems.