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\title{High-Fidelity Experimental Simulations of Atmospheric Flow near
Low-Intensity Fires in a Wildland-Urban Interface}



\author[1]{Dongqi Lin}%
\author[2]{Marwan Katurji}%
\author[3]{Peyman Zawar-Reza}%
\author[3]{Alena Malyarenko}%
\author[3]{Andres Valencia}%
\author[4]{Jiawei Zhang}%
\affil[1]{Monash Univsersity}%
\affil[2]{University of Canterbury, New Zealand}%
\affil[3]{University of Canterbury}%
\affil[4]{Scion, New Zealand Forest Research Institute}%


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  \date{April 28, 2026}


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\begin{abstract}
With increased urbanization, fires in the wildland urban interface (WUI)
have become a severe problem worldwide. The unique features of WUI may
influence the atmospheric flows in the vicinity of fire. This study
utilises the parallelized large eddy simulation model (PALM) system for
fire-atmosphere simulations of Bottle Lake Forest, Christchurch, New
Zealand. Over 3000 residential buildings are situated around the 7 km 2
forest, with many homes only 50 m away from the forest edge. We
conducted high-fidelity fire-atmosphere simulations with the finest grid
spacing of 4 m. Wildland forest (WF) and flat terrain simulations were
conducted to provide a reference for comparison with WUI simulations.
Fire-weather conditions for the 2022/2023 New Zealand fire season were
selected based on the Fire Weather Index (FWI). Data from previous fire
field campaigns were obtained to represent a low-intensity fire heat
forcing. The results reveal a pulsing behavior in downwind heat
transport when the forest canopy is included. Furthermore, the presence
of the WUI is associated with extended downwind fire heat transport
compared to WF and flat terrain scenarios. This study is the first to
simulate atmospheric flows near fires in a WUI setting with such high
fidelity. The findings highlight the critical role of WUI features in
shaping fireatmosphere dynamics, though further research is required to
disentangle the contributions of individual WUI components to these
effects.%
\end{abstract}%



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