Abstract
Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) is characterized by the proliferation
of dysfunctional B cells, resulting in significant immune dysregulation.
Patients with CLL exhibit varied responses to B-cell receptor (BCR)
targeted therapies, emphasizing the need for tailored immunotherapy
approaches. This study investigated B cell function in untreated
patients with CLL, and we further explored the effects of ex vivo
protein kinase C activation on immune checkpoint expression and B cell
profiles. Peripheral blood samples were collected from 21 untreated
patients with CLL at King Edward Hospital in South Africa, between 2019
and 2022. B cells were stimulated with phorbol myristate acetate (PMA)
and ionomycin. Using flow cytometry, the study explored the levels of B
cell subsets and immune checkpoint proteins programmed cell death-ligand
2 (PD-L2) and cytotoxic T-lymphocyte associated protein 4 (CTLA-4)
expression on various B cell subsets. PMA and ionomycin B cell
stimulation upregulated CTLA-4 and PD-L2 expression on B cell subsets
(p<0.0001). As expected, monoclonal antibodies targeting PD-1,
PD-L1 and CTLA-4 significantly downregulated the CTLA-4 expression of B
cell subsets (p<0.05), while PD-L2 exhibited varied responses in
different B cell subsets. In addition, these monoclonal antibodies
increased the levels of memory B cells (p<0.0128) and activated
memory B cells (p<0.01). Protein kinase C activation on B cells
stimulates immune checkpoint expression. The use of monoclonal
antibodies on B cells play a critical role in the B cell function
through the reduction of CD38 expressing activated B cells and
upregulation of memory B cells. Moreover, the monoclonal antibody
targeting PD-1, PD-L1 and CTLA-4 are effective in reducing the
expression of CTLA-4 on B cell subsets.