Role of Sparsely-Glacierized Basins and Groundwater in semiarid Andes
Periglacial Headwaters
Abstract
A better understanding of headwater hydrogeology in the semi-arid Andes
is critical because high-elevation basins are considered water towers
for the main valleys, where there is over-allocated water demand. While
international literature generally focuses on the glacier contribution
to streamflow, there is little information on the contribution of
sparsely glacierized basins and the origins and processes of groundwater
generation at high elevations. The Corrales catchment in North-Central
Chile contains both glacierized and s parsely sub-basins as
well as the highest public borehole in the region, making it suitable to
fill such scientific gaps. Geophysical surveys and a pumping test were
carried out to obtain information on groundwater flows beneath the
Tapado terminal rock glacier and a main tributary of the Elqui river.
Radioactive and stable isotopes were used to characterize the
hydrological connectivity and the water origins of the headwater basins.
Low electromagnetic velocities and resistivities reveal the presence of
liquid water beneath the rock glacier, which could be the upper limit of
a proglacial aquifer. The downstream valley aquifer appears transmissive
and dominated by old waters (several decades) that are a mix of
high-glacierized and low-glacierized basins. Additionally, stable
isotopes indicate different signatures for high- and low-glacierized
basins, which could result from isotope fractionation. These results
indicate that water isotopes could be used to discriminate waters
originating from high-glacierized and low-glacierized basins. The study
identifies also the presence of old waters in the low-glacierized
basins, which indicates long term storage, slow release or low turnover
times. This finding is important for understanding late season baseflow
and streamflow evolution in the context of climate change. As the
contribution of such basins to total streamflow is significant, a better
understanding of hydrological processes in sparsely glacierized regions
is required.