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\begin{document}
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\title{Feasibility Study of Location Authentication for IoT Data Using Power
Grid Signatures}



\author[1]{Mudi Zhang}%
\author[1]{Charana Sonnadara}%
\author[1]{Sahil Shah}%
\author[1]{Min Wu}%
\affil[1]{Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Maryland}%


\vspace{-1em}



  
  \date{April 29, 2026}


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\begin{abstract}
Ambient signatures related to the power grid, such as the Electrical
Network Frequency (ENF) have been exploited for multimedia
authentication in terms of time and location, motivating the
investigation of power grid signatures for the Internet-of-Things (IoT)
data verification. In this paper, Electrical Network Voltage (ENV) is
proposed as a more refined signature than ENF for IoT data verification
in terms of location. ENV reflects the variations of the power system's
supply voltage over time and is also present in the optical sensing
data, akin to ENF. A physical model showing the presence of such power
grid signature, ENV, in the optical sensing, is presented, along with
the corresponding signal processing mechanisms to estimate and utilize
ENV signals present in the power and optical sensing as location stamps.
Experiments are conducted within the state of Maryland in the United
States to demonstrate the feasibility of using ENV signals for location
authentication of IoT data.%
\end{abstract}%



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