Abstract

In nature, many organisms exhibit remarkable freezing tolerance and employ rich and intriguing physiological strategies to adapt to low-temperature environments. However, cryopreservation techniques face challenges when it comes to freezing and thawing biological tissues and cells, such as cryo-damage caused by crystallization and cell membrane rupture due to osmotic imbalances. In recent years, there has been growing interest in the molecular mechanisms underlying natural freezing tolerance and artificial cryopreservation processes. This review delves into the adaptive mechanisms observed in freeze-tolerant species and hibernating animals, elucidating the significance of specific genes, proteins, and metabolic pathways for survival. Furthermore, we discuss advancements in cryopreservation technologies, highlighting their impacts on cellular and tissue integrity, and analyzes the adaptive regulation of processes like glucose metabolism, miRNA expression, and cryoprotective protein modulation. Finally, future directions for cryopreservation are proposed.