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How Solder Flux Can Cause Significant Degradation in Heterojunction Cells
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  • Haoran Wang,
  • Chandany Sen,
  • Jiexi Fu,
  • Muhammad Umair Khan,
  • Yutong Wu,
  • Hao Song,
  • Ruirui Lv,
  • Gavin Conibeer,
  • Bram Hoex
Haoran Wang
University of New South Wales School of Photovoltaic and Renewable Energy Engineering
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Chandany Sen
University of New South Wales School of Photovoltaic and Renewable Energy Engineering

Corresponding Author:chandany.sen@unsw.edu.au

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Jiexi Fu
University of New South Wales School of Photovoltaic and Renewable Energy Engineering
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Muhammad Umair Khan
University of New South Wales School of Photovoltaic and Renewable Energy Engineering
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Yutong Wu
CSI Solar Co Ltd
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Hao Song
CSI Solar Co Ltd
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Ruirui Lv
CSI Solar Co Ltd
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Gavin Conibeer
University of New South Wales School of Photovoltaic and Renewable Energy Engineering
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Bram Hoex
University of New South Wales School of Photovoltaic and Renewable Energy Engineering
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Abstract

not-yet-known not-yet-known not-yet-known unknown Silicon heterojunction technology (HJT) and tunnel oxide passivated contacts (TOPCon) solar cell technologies are expected to dominate the photovoltaic market in the coming years. However, there are still some concerns about the long-term stability of these technologies. This work examines the effects of two widely used commercial soldering fluxes (Flux A and Flux B) on the stability of commercial silicon HJT and TOPCon solar cells. The soldering flux was applied to the solar cells, and the solar cells were annealed at 85 oC under low relative humidity. TOPCon solar cells were found to be stable; however, significant degradation was observed in the HJT solar cells after only 50 hrs. The efficiency of the HJT cells decreased by ~ 61% rel with Flux A and ~ 55% rel with Flux B, respectively. We attribute part of the observed degradation to holes present in the HJT cell metalisation after printing, which allow the soldering flux to easily penetrate the contact and subsequently react with the paste constituents. In addition, we find that the indium tin oxide (ITO) layer is very sensitive to soldering flux, showing major cracks and significant peeling after 50 hrs of annealing. Consequently, this work shows that some soldering flux can react with the ITO layer, without requiring the presence of water. This suggests that certain types of soldering flux can harm HJT solar cells even after encapsulation without the need for moisture ingress. Therefore, paying more attention to the choice of soldering flux is essential, especially when working with HJT cells. It is strongly recommended that users perform comprehensive component analysis testing on soldering fluxes before their official use rather than solely relying on datasheets provided by suppliers.
Submitted to Progress in Photovoltaics
Assigned to Editor
Reviewer(s) Assigned
Submission Checks Completed
09 Jul 2024Review(s) Completed, Editorial Evaluation Pending
31 Jul 2024Reviewer(s) Assigned
18 Nov 2024Editorial Decision: Revise Minor