Background: Numerous national-based indicators aid in designing population-centered chronic disease surveillance. However, there is little consensus on the key indicators and goals for developing a chronic disease surveillance analysis system. Objective: This study aimed to develop evidence-based indicators to measure and improve the health outcomes of chronic disease surveillance systems in Korea. Methods: A scoping review was focused on peer-reviewed literature from 2012 to 2022 using PubMed, Medline, Embase, PsychINFO, CINHAL, Wiley Online, Scopus, and Cochrane Library. Three reviewers evaluated and selected the articles in accordance with comprehensive inclusion and exclusion criteria. Data were synthesized using median descriptive analysis, prioritization, and agreement. There was a consensus meeting to discuss the recommendations, and the findings were analyzed thematically and descriptively. Results: Forty-eight articles were finalized and most of them were published in 2019 (18.8%). The studies on chronic disease-based surveillance systems and related data sources were conducted primarily in Canada (58.3%). The findings were prioritized by prevalence rate, risk factors, data linkage, complex disease, and updated indicators in a current system. The key themes of focus were mortality, survival management, diagnosis, treatment, and healthcare systems. Conclusion: Our preliminary measurement methods need validation through follow-up projects. Chronic disease surveillance will improve public health resource allocation and monitoring in real time. Public health and healthcare systems could be enhanced through timely assessments of population health at the local and regional levels. In Korea, experts will validate the chronic disease-based surveillance system’s development.