Background: Neisseria meningitidis is one of the leading causes of bacterial meningitis and septicemia worldwide. The bacteriological culture was a widely used method for the detection of meningococcus, but it has low sensitivity and long waiting periods. Molecular detection targeting capsule transport gene was used, but over 16% of meningococcal carriage isolates lack ctrA and generate false-negative results due to sequence variations. The Cu-Zn superoxide dismutase gene ( sodC) is specific to N. meningitidis, not found in other Neisseria species, making it better able to identify encapsulated meningococci and useful for detecting non-group-able meningococci without intact ctrA. Objective: The objective of this study was the validation of sodC gene-based PCR assay and antimicrobial resistance profiling of N. meningitidis in asymptomatic carriers Methods: The sodC gene N. meningitidis detection method was developed using a pair of primers and optimized. A total of 137 archived samples that were collected from the asymptomatic carrier suspected of having meningococcal infection were used for validation of the assay. STATA version 14.0 was used for analysis of clinical and demographic data after the data was entered into Epi Info version 7. Graphs and frequency tables from descriptive statistics were used to summarize the outcome. Two-by-two tables were used to compare the sensitivity specifically between the sodC-based PCR assay and culture and ctrA-based PCR.  A Disk diffusion test was used to determine the antimicrobial sensitivity of the isolates against antimicrobial drugs. To determine the association between independent and outcome variables, bivariate and multivariate logistic regression models were used and P-values less than 0.05 were considered statistically significant.   Result: The PCR assay targeting the sodC gene detected N. meningitidis DNA in 105 (76.6%) out of 137 clinical samples, while ctrA-based PCR detected the pathogen in 64 (46.7%) of the samples, and 49 samples (35.8%) of N. meningitidis were identified by culture. Then, the concordance of our in-house PCR assay targeting the sodC gene with ctrA PCR was performed using 137 clinical samples (Nasopharyngeal swabs). Among the 49 DNA samples from culture-positive N. meningitidis isolates used for validation, the sodC gene-based PCR accurately identified all 49 culture-confirmed isolates. In contrast, the ctrA gene-based PCR detected only 33 of these isolates. Out of the 49 N. meningitidis isolates by culture 43 (87.8%), 42 (83.7%), 32 (65.3%), 22 (44.9%), and 18 (36.7%), and 7 (15.2%) were resistant to amoxicillin, ampicillin, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, ceftazidime, ceftriaxone, and meropenem, respectively. Furthermore, the majority of N. meningitidis isolates 36 (73.5%) were sensitive to cefepime, 31 (63.3%) of them were sensitive to ceftriaxone and meropenem, and 26 (53.1%) of them were sensitive to ceftazidime. Conclusion: The sodC gene-based PCR assay demonstrated high sensitivity in detecting N. meningitidis in carriage specimens compared to ctrA gene-based PCR. The high prevalence of antibiotic resistance observed is alarming and highlights the urgent need to continue monitoring antibiotic resistance to inform treatment strategies effectively.

Background: Cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) is the most common clinical form of leishmaniasis that causes skin disease. Currently, there is no licensed prophylactic vaccine for CL, as the mechanisms of healing and memory T-cell responses that develop after infection with CL are far from fully understood. A review of the published articles identifying CL vaccine candidates, immuno-dominant antigens, and potent vaccine adjuvants is needed to provide comprehensive information. Therefore, we aimed to review vaccine candidates, immuno-dominant antigens, and potent vaccine adjuvants for preventing cutaneous leishmaniasis. Methods: A systematic search of published studies before December 2023 was identified using electronic databases; PubMed/MEDLINE, Hinari Research4Life, Google Scholar, and direct Google search. The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines were followed. Data were extracted using a Microsoft Excel 2010 spreadsheet and data obtained were then reported using tables and figures and synthesized qualitatively. The quality of the included studies was assessed using the Joanna Briggs Institute’s (JBI) quality appraisal tool for experimental studies. Results: The electronic databases search yielded 661 articles of which 32 articles met the inclusion criteria. The included articles were conducted in various animal and human models and included vaccine candidates, immuno-dominant antigens, and potent vaccine adjuvants. Some of the first-generation vaccine candidates showed complete protection of the specified animal model. They induced strong T-cell mediated and antibody-mediated humoral immune responses (e.g. Curdlan dectin-1, total Leishmania antigen (TLA), and L. infantum heat shock proteins ( LiΔHSP70-II)). Almost all second and third-generation vaccine candidates, and the immuno-dominant antigens of the parasite and the host enhance T cell-mediated and antibody-mediated immune responses. We also reviewed potent vaccine adjuvants such as myrrh silver nanoparticles (MSNPs), and Imiquimod, which play an important role in enhancing immune responses against Leishmania antigens. Conclusion and recommendations: The T-cell mediated immune response was significantly induced in various experimental models (e.g. IFN-γ and TNF-α response) and also the humoral arm in some instances (e.g. IgG2). This review thus provides comprehensive information on the efficacy and induction of protective immunity of vaccine candidates, antigenic molecules, and vaccine adjuvants against CL. However, there is still a need for a comprehensive understanding of the immuno-pathogenesis of the disease upon vaccination.