Abstract Objectives: Worldwide, the neonatal age group bears high mortality risk that is attributed to diverse causes. In Palestine, there is a scarcity of studies investigating the determinants of neonatal deaths. Through this research, we investigated the level of mothers’ knowledge and awareness in recognizing neonatal danger signs (NDS) and associated factors. Hypothesis: There is no difference in mothers’ knowledge regarding NDS with regard to diverse socio-demographic characteristics and reproductive factors including antenatal and postnatal care. Methodology: A community-based descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted among 377 mothers who gave birth in the last year and attended primary care centers for child vaccination in Ramallah and Jerusalem Governance from December 2023 to January 2024. This was done using structured questionnaires completed through face-to-face interviews covering socio-demographic variables, mothers’ reproductive history, and NDS knowledge assessment. Results: Among the 377 mothers, only 51% had good knowledge, reporting at least three danger signs. The most frequently mentioned were difficulty breathing (73.21) and fever (64.72%), while hypothermia (2.65%) and convulsions (11.67%) were the least mentioned. Statistical analysis indicated that having a national health insurance card ( p=0.002) and an educated husband ( p=0.020) are significantly associated with mothers’ knowledge of NDS. These factors could potentially be important to consider in intervention and educational programs aimed at improving mothers’ knowledge. Conclusion: This study showed that mothers’ knowledge of NDS is relatively low, impacting public health in Palestine as in other developing countries. Therefore, collective efforts are needed to educate mothers on the importance of early NDS identification.