High-resolution three-dimensional micro-computed tomography assessment
of micro-architectural patterns in non-adults with cribra orbitalia :
correlation between macro- and micro-scale bone features
Abstract
Skeletal porous lesions such as cribra orbitalia (CO) have long
been of interest to bioanthropologists worldwide, mainly due to their
high prevalence in osteological material. Previous studies considered CO
as an external morphological manifestation, and therefore, research has
mainly focused on visible (macroscopic) CO patterns. However, the
understanding of CO-induced micro-scale bone changes is still scarce.
Therefore, here we performed high-resolution micro-computed tomography
imaging to investigate three-dimensional CO-induced micro-architectural
patterns in non-adults, with a particular focus on the correlation
between macroscopic and micro-architectural orbital features. Cortical
and trabecular micro-architectural changes in the orbital roof were
analyzed in non-adults up to 15 years of age, using orbital roof samples
with and without macroscopic traces of CO (n=28). A widely accepted
five-grade macroscopic CO scoring system was applied to analyze CO
severity. Areas affected with CO (area 1) and areas without macroscopic
CO traces (area 2) were analyzed separately. The conducted
high-resolution analysis showed that cortical and trabecular
micro-architecture varied with CO presence, lesion severity (CO grade),
and the analyzed area. Inter-grade comparisons suggested that most of
the analyzed micro-architectural parameters were not significantly
different between adjacent CO grades. Based on the micro-architectural
evaluation of areas 1 and 2, the porous lesions were much more extensive
than revealed by gross examination. Our analysis also revealed that
micro-architectural differences were particularly pronounced in younger
non-adults. Taken together, the macroscopic examination of CO appears to
reflect only the tip of the iceberg, as the micro-architectural
changes are much larger than macroscopically identified.