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\author[1]{T Taning Longla}%
\affil[1]{Affiliation not available}%


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  \date{April 29, 2026}


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\begin{abstract}
Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) are composed of numerous sensor nodes,
each equipped with the ability to sense, collect, and analyze data
within the physical environment they are deployed in. These nodes,
operating on limited battery power, face significant challenges in
maximizing network lifespan. Integrating conventional Wide Local Area
Network (WLAN) techniques into WSNs can notably enhance performance.
While the LEACH routing algorithm is widely employed to optimize energy
efficiency in WSNs, it has inherent limitations. This study proposes
enhancing the LEACH protocol by incorporating sectoring and Code
Division Multiple Access (S-LEACH-CDMA) for inter-cluster communication
and cluster head (CH) to base station (BS) communication. In the
proposed technique, the network is divided into sectors where nodes form
clusters, and those not in clusters can send their data directly to the
BS. CDMA facilitates simultaneous data transmissions from multiple
cluster heads to the base station, thereby increasing throughput and
mitigating energy wastage due to collisions. Sectoring the network
ensures balanced energy consumption and reduced interference by evenly
distributing cluster heads and organizing the network geographically.
These enhancements lead to notable improvements in network performance.
The evaluation of S-LEACH-CDMA, S-LEACH, and LEACH is conducted through
simulations using two different scenarios. The results show that the
S-LEACH-CDMA protocol significantly increased network lifetime compared
to LEACH. Specifically, for a small number of nodes, S-LEACH-CDMA
achieved a lifetime improvement of 24\textbackslash{}\%, while for a
larger number of nodes, the improvement reached 28\textbackslash{}\%.
Additionally, as the number of sensors increases, the network lifetime
of S-LEACH-CDMA continues to improve, making it suitable for large-scale
deployments with high data traffic demands.%
\end{abstract}%



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