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\title{Challenges and Solutions in Low-Inertia Power Systems with High Wind
Penetration}



\author[1]{Bwandakassy Elenga Baningobera}%
\author[1]{Irina Oleinikova}%
\author[1]{Kjetil Uhlen}%
\author[1]{Basanta Raj Pokhrel}%
\affil[1]{Norges teknisk-naturvitenskapelige universitet}%


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  \date{April 25, 2026}


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\begin{abstract}
The global energy landscape is undergoing a profound transformation,
marked by an unprecedented integration of renewable sources. This
paradigm shift brings forth the challenge of low inertia in power
systems, posing significant uncertainties to grid stability and
reliability. This paper addresses these challenges and proposes
innovative solutions to ensure the resilience of future transmission
networks. The paper leverages advanced modeling techniques, including
dynamic simulation models and control methods to analyze real-world case
studies, mainly focusing on wind power plants operating as hybrid plants
with integrated energy storage systems and participating in reserves
markets to provide frequency response. The analysis includes adapting
the Nordic equivalent power system model, allowing a deeper
understanding of the dynamics of low-inertia environments and the impact
of renewable energy integration. The aim is to provide valuable insights
into the complex interactions within low-inertia power systems and
highlight the importance of adapting power systems to ensure resilience
in evolving energy scenarios. The paper contributes to the ongoing
discourse on building sustainable and reliable future transmission
networks through empirical analysis and theoretical modeling. It
emphasizes technical strategies, operational advancements, and policy
considerations essential for navigating the challenges posed by the
transition to renewable energy sources.%
\end{abstract}%



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