Case history/examination
A 37-year-old male patient presented with necrotic pulp and chronic apical periodontitis in the right mandibular first premolar. The diagnosis of pulp necrosis was supported by negative responses to cold, heat, and EPT, with radiographic evidence of a periapical radiolucency, indicative of chronic apical periodontitis. All the percussion and palpation tests were negative. (Figure 3.A). Tooth number #44 displayed first and second curvatures of 37° and 23° by using the Southard method (Figure 3. F)(7).