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\title{The Role of Hydrogen in Decarbonizing U.S. Industr}



\author[1,2]{Yongxian Zhu}%
\author[2,3]{Gregory A Keoleian}%
\author[1,2]{Daniel R Cooper}%
\affil[1]{Mechanical Engineering Department, George G. Brown Laboratory, University of Michigan}%
\affil[2]{MI Hydrogen, University of Michigan}%
\affil[3]{Center for Sustainable Systems, School for Environment and Sustainability, University of Michigan}%


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  \date{April 29, 2026}


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\begin{abstract}
There is a growing interest in hydrogen for decarbonizing hard-to-abate
industries. However, determining which industries to target, the scale
of the opportunity, and how to meet the hydrogen demand out to 2050 is
complex and highly uncertain. The most significant decarbonization
opportunity identified in this review is in the refining and chemicals
industries, where annual emissions could reduce by up to 24\% by 2050
from 2021 levels if emissions-intensive grey hydrogen is replaced with
clean hydrogen. New (clean) hydrogen applications include replacements
for carbon-based reductants in steelmaking ([?]18\% steelmaking emissions
reduction by 2050) and fuel for high-temperature heat in cement,
aluminum, and glassmaking, with annual sectoral emissions reductions by
2050 of up to 23\%, 3\%, and 32\% respectively. Hydrogen technologies
have high readiness levels and face modest technical barriers in burner
and furnace design. The primary challenge lies in reducing clean
hydrogen production and delivery costs to
\$0.4--0.7/kgH\textsubscript{2}~to compete with natural gas and scale
its production from \textless{}1\% of all U.S. hydrogen production
today.

The literature presents diverse U.S. industry clean hydrogen demand
predictions (4--22~Mt/year by 2050) due to conflicting projections of
industrial output, some incompatible with decarbonization goals; e.g.,
growth in gasoline production. After reconciling literature on hydrogen
technology readiness, alternative decarbonization strategies, and U.S.
climate targets, we estimate 2050 industrial clean hydrogen demand at
3.8--14.9~Mt/year, saving 28--133 MtCO\textsubscript{2eq}~(1.5-7.0\% of
current U.S. industry emissions). Green hydrogen production will require
up to 682~TWh of low-carbon electricity, equivalent to 90\% of current
renewable
generation.\href{https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1364032125001984}{}%
\end{abstract}%



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