General conclusions
The two studied butterflies species, A. mantiqueira and A.
alalia , are genetically isolated entities, and the barcode molecular
marker was unsuited to delimit them. The genomic data and niche modeling
point to an allopatric speciation process between montane regions, in
which Pleistocene climatic variation created a discontinuity of suitable
habitat among the ancestral populations of the Atlantic Forest’s South
and Southeast regions. During glacial periods, the Serra do Mar mountain
range may have been a dispersal route between populations in the South
and Southeast that are currently disconnected. There is a low gene flow
between the populations of A. mantiqueira in the two montane
regions of the Southeast, the Serra do Mar and the Serra da Mantiqueira,
evidencing that the valleys between these mountain ranges are effective
barriers for the dispersal of this species. According to the findings of
this study, topography and climatic variation played an important role
in Actinote butterfly diversification.
Acknowledgements
The authors thank São Paulo Research Foundation (FAPESP) grants
2015/24663-4, 2018/11591-3, 2023/10376-0 (LMM), 2018/19171-3,
2021/07494-5 (PEG), 2021/03868-8, 2023/01459-9 (AVLF), 2012/16266-7 and
2013/10491-1 (KLSB); Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento Pessoal de Nível
Superior (CAPES): Financial code 001 (LMM and PEG); Conselho Nacional de
Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) grants 151166/2023-4
(LMM), 421248/2017-3, 304291/2020-0 (AVLF), “RedeLep – Rede Nacional
de Pesquisa e Conservação de Lepidópteros” – SISBIOTA-Brasil/CNPq
(563332/2010-7). We thank Augusto Henrique Batista Rosa, André Tacioli
and Junia Yasmin Oliveira Carreira for collecting samples for this
study. The present study is registered at the SISGEN (AF38F6E).
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