Table 1. Candidate genes involved in a direct response to Urtica and Ribes. Genes with at least five-fold differential expression between Urtica and Ribes treatments 17 hours after a switch to Host 2 compared to controls remaining on Host 1 (i.e., UdUd - UdRu or RuRu - RuUd). Gene name and functional description are given for each gene. Furthermore, names of orthologs genes in Heliconius melpomene and the corresponding gene description are given. Gene function was determined based on the functional annotations of both datasets. Moreover, the regulation of gene expression on Host 2 after the switch is stated. Each gene was classified based on the categories of transcriptional changes shown in figure 2. Note that an upregulation on one host can be interpreted as a downregulation on the alternative host. Genes in bold were highly upregulated on the same host also in the earlier study (without a switch; Celorio-Mancera et al. 2023) . NA = not annotated. Each gene was classified based on the categories of transcriptional changes shown in figure 2. Ud=Urtica dioica, Ru=Ribes uva-crispa Table 1. Candidate genes involved in a direct response to Urtica and Ribes. Genes with at least five-fold differential expression between Urtica and Ribes treatments 17 hours after a switch to Host 2 compared to controls remaining on Host 1 (i.e., UdUd - UdRu or RuRu - RuUd). Gene name and functional description are given for each gene. Furthermore, names of orthologs genes in Heliconius melpomene and the corresponding gene description are given. Gene function was determined based on the functional annotations of both datasets. Moreover, the regulation of gene expression on Host 2 after the switch is stated. Each gene was classified based on the categories of transcriptional changes shown in figure 2. Note that an upregulation on one host can be interpreted as a downregulation on the alternative host. Genes in bold were highly upregulated on the same host also in the earlier study (without a switch; Celorio-Mancera et al. 2023) . NA = not annotated. Each gene was classified based on the categories of transcriptional changes shown in figure 2. Ud=Urtica dioica, Ru=Ribes uva-crispa Table 1. Candidate genes involved in a direct response to Urtica and Ribes. Genes with at least five-fold differential expression between Urtica and Ribes treatments 17 hours after a switch to Host 2 compared to controls remaining on Host 1 (i.e., UdUd - UdRu or RuRu - RuUd). Gene name and functional description are given for each gene. Furthermore, names of orthologs genes in Heliconius melpomene and the corresponding gene description are given. Gene function was determined based on the functional annotations of both datasets. Moreover, the regulation of gene expression on Host 2 after the switch is stated. Each gene was classified based on the categories of transcriptional changes shown in figure 2. Note that an upregulation on one host can be interpreted as a downregulation on the alternative host. Genes in bold were highly upregulated on the same host also in the earlier study (without a switch; Celorio-Mancera et al. 2023) . NA = not annotated. Each gene was classified based on the categories of transcriptional changes shown in figure 2. Ud=Urtica dioica, Ru=Ribes uva-crispa Table 1. Candidate genes involved in a direct response to Urtica and Ribes. Genes with at least five-fold differential expression between Urtica and Ribes treatments 17 hours after a switch to Host 2 compared to controls remaining on Host 1 (i.e., UdUd - UdRu or RuRu - RuUd). Gene name and functional description are given for each gene. Furthermore, names of orthologs genes in Heliconius melpomene and the corresponding gene description are given. Gene function was determined based on the functional annotations of both datasets. Moreover, the regulation of gene expression on Host 2 after the switch is stated. Each gene was classified based on the categories of transcriptional changes shown in figure 2. Note that an upregulation on one host can be interpreted as a downregulation on the alternative host. Genes in bold were highly upregulated on the same host also in the earlier study (without a switch; Celorio-Mancera et al. 2023) . NA = not annotated. Each gene was classified based on the categories of transcriptional changes shown in figure 2. Ud=Urtica dioica, Ru=Ribes uva-crispa Table 1. Candidate genes involved in a direct response to Urtica and Ribes. Genes with at least five-fold differential expression between Urtica and Ribes treatments 17 hours after a switch to Host 2 compared to controls remaining on Host 1 (i.e., UdUd - UdRu or RuRu - RuUd). Gene name and functional description are given for each gene. Furthermore, names of orthologs genes in Heliconius melpomene and the corresponding gene description are given. Gene function was determined based on the functional annotations of both datasets. Moreover, the regulation of gene expression on Host 2 after the switch is stated. Each gene was classified based on the categories of transcriptional changes shown in figure 2. Note that an upregulation on one host can be interpreted as a downregulation on the alternative host. Genes in bold were highly upregulated on the same host also in the earlier study (without a switch; Celorio-Mancera et al. 2023) . NA = not annotated. Each gene was classified based on the categories of transcriptional changes shown in figure 2. Ud=Urtica dioica, Ru=Ribes uva-crispa Table 1. Candidate genes involved in a direct response to Urtica and Ribes. Genes with at least five-fold differential expression between Urtica and Ribes treatments 17 hours after a switch to Host 2 compared to controls remaining on Host 1 (i.e., UdUd - UdRu or RuRu - RuUd). Gene name and functional description are given for each gene. Furthermore, names of orthologs genes in Heliconius melpomene and the corresponding gene description are given. Gene function was determined based on the functional annotations of both datasets. Moreover, the regulation of gene expression on Host 2 after the switch is stated. Each gene was classified based on the categories of transcriptional changes shown in figure 2. Note that an upregulation on one host can be interpreted as a downregulation on the alternative host. Genes in bold were highly upregulated on the same host also in the earlier study (without a switch; Celorio-Mancera et al. 2023) . NA = not annotated. Each gene was classified based on the categories of transcriptional changes shown in figure 2. Ud=Urtica dioica, Ru=Ribes uva-crispa Table 1. Candidate genes involved in a direct response to Urtica and Ribes. Genes with at least five-fold differential expression between Urtica and Ribes treatments 17 hours after a switch to Host 2 compared to controls remaining on Host 1 (i.e., UdUd - UdRu or RuRu - RuUd). Gene name and functional description are given for each gene. Furthermore, names of orthologs genes in Heliconius melpomene and the corresponding gene description are given. Gene function was determined based on the functional annotations of both datasets. Moreover, the regulation of gene expression on Host 2 after the switch is stated. Each gene was classified based on the categories of transcriptional changes shown in figure 2. Note that an upregulation on one host can be interpreted as a downregulation on the alternative host. Genes in bold were highly upregulated on the same host also in the earlier study (without a switch; Celorio-Mancera et al. 2023) . NA = not annotated. Each gene was classified based on the categories of transcriptional changes shown in figure 2. Ud=Urtica dioica, Ru=Ribes uva-crispa Table 1. Candidate genes involved in a direct response to Urtica and Ribes. Genes with at least five-fold differential expression between Urtica and Ribes treatments 17 hours after a switch to Host 2 compared to controls remaining on Host 1 (i.e., UdUd - UdRu or RuRu - RuUd). Gene name and functional description are given for each gene. Furthermore, names of orthologs genes in Heliconius melpomene and the corresponding gene description are given. Gene function was determined based on the functional annotations of both datasets. Moreover, the regulation of gene expression on Host 2 after the switch is stated. Each gene was classified based on the categories of transcriptional changes shown in figure 2. Note that an upregulation on one host can be interpreted as a downregulation on the alternative host. Genes in bold were highly upregulated on the same host also in the earlier study (without a switch; Celorio-Mancera et al. 2023) . NA = not annotated. Each gene was classified based on the categories of transcriptional changes shown in figure 2. Ud=Urtica dioica, Ru=Ribes uva-crispa
Host pair comparisons Gene name Description H. melpomene ortholog Description based on H. melpomene ortholog Gene function Regulation of gene expression on Host 2 category
UdUd - UdRu g3036 chitin binding; involved biological process described with chitin metabolic process HMEL002002-PA Peritrophic matrix 1-b precursor Chitin binding, Gut peritrophic matrix development Upregulation on Ribes 3
UdUd - UdRu g94 Proline dehydrogenase HMEL003569-PA Sluggish isoform a-like; proline dehydrogenase Proline metabolism Upregulation on Ribes 3
UdUd - UdRu g12792 Trypsin-like serine protease HMEL003683-PA Hemolymph proteinase 9 Serine protease Upregulation on Ribes 3
UdUd - UdRu g11908 NA HMEL004395-PA NA NA Upregulation on Ribes 3
UdUd - UdRu g13507 Glutathione S-transferase, C-terminal domain HMEL006527-PA Glutathione s-transferase 1-like Detoxification Upregulation on Ribes 3
UdUd - UdRu g1835 Zinc finger, C2H2 type, GLIS2 HMEL006553-PA Zinc finger protein gli1-like Transcription factor Upregulation on Ribes 1
UdUd - UdRu g6954 Peptide methionine sulfoxide reductase HMEL008564-PA Methionine sulfoxide reductase Response to oxidative stress Upregulation on Ribes 1
UdUd - UdRu g18164 g18165 NA HMEL009345-PA Aldo-keto reductase Metabolism, detoxification Upregulation on Ribes 1
UdUd - UdRu g7930 Immunoglobulin domain HMEL012261-PA Lachesin-like Neurogenesis Upregulation on Ribes 3
UdUd - UdRu g500 NA HMEL014522-PA Endonuclease-reverse transcriptase DNA repair Upregulation on Ribes 3
UdUd - UdRu g8589 NA HMEL015934-PA Lipase Lipid catabolism, Phagocytosis Upregulation on Ribes 3
UdUd - UdRu g19077 g19078 NA HMEL016210-PA NA NA Upregulation on Ribes 1
UdUd - UdRu g12522 g12526 NAD(P)-binding Rossmann-like domain HMEL016306-PA Spermine oxidase-like Polyamine metabolism Upregulation on Ribes 1
UdUd - UdRu g2848 NA NA NA NA Upregulation on Ribes 3
UdUd - UdRu g11512 NA NA NA NA Upregulation on Ribes 1
UdUd - UdRu g18835 NA NA NA NA Upregulation on Ribes 1
UdUd - UdRu g17488 Major Facilitator Superfamily HMEL008930-PA Sialin-like transporter Transmembrane transport, Sialic acid transport Downregulation on Ribes 3
UdUd - UdRu g21009 Chorion protein HMEL011168-PA Chorion class cb protein m5h4-like Structural protein Downregulation on Ribes 3
UdUd - UdRu g3540 g19683 metallocarboxypeptidase activity; involved in biological process described with proteolysis HMEL012401-PA Carboxypeptidase-like Protein metabolism Downregulation on Ribes 1
UdUd - UdRu g15631 g15249 NA HMEL012909-PA Synaptic vesicle glycoprotein-like Transmembrane transport Downregulation on Ribes 1
UdUd - UdRu g15247 synaptic vesicle HMEL012912-PA Synaptic vesicle protein 2-like Transmembrane transport Downregulation on Ribes 3
UdUd - UdRu g1204 NA NA NA NA Downregulation on Ribes 3
UdUd - UdRu g15555 NA NA NA NA Downregulation on Ribes 3
RuRu - RuUd g11903 Trypsin-like serine protease HMEL004401-PA serine protease easter-like; Clip domain serine protease like 4 Immune response Upregulation on Urtica 3
RuRu - RuUd g12017 NA HMEL008841-PA NA NA Upregulation on Urtica 3
RuRu - RuUd g188 N-acetylmuramoyl-L-alanine amidase HMEL009426-PA peptidoglycan recognition protein-d Innate immune response Upregulation on Urtica 3
RuRu - RuUd g1152 NA HMEL010472-PA transcription factor hnf-4 homolog Involved in gut formation Upregulation on Urtica 3
RuRu - RuUd g2711 Alkaline phosphatase HMEL010183-PA alkaline phosphatase, tissue-nonspecific isozyme Transmembrane transport Upregulation on Urtica 3
RuRu - RuUd g15249 NA HMEL012909-PA Synaptic vesicle glycoprotein-like Transmembrane transport Upregulation on Urtica 1
RuRu - RuUd g7501 Gloverin-like protein HMEL017163-PA Gloverin; antibacterial peptide Immune response, Antimicrobial defense Upregulation on Urtica 1
RuRu - RuUd g19716 NA HMEL017191-PA unclassified opsin NA Upregulation on Urtica 3
RuRu - RuUd g15789 NA NA NA NA Upregulation on Urtica 3
RuRu - RuUd g9519 structural molecule activity HMEL002160-PA NA structural integrity of a complex Downregulation on Urtica 3
RuRu - RuUd g1835 Zinc finger, C2H2 type, GLIS2 HMEL006553-PA Zinc finger protein gli1-like Transcription factor Downregulation on Urtica 1
RuRu - RuUd g354 Carboxylesterase family, CES5A HMEL009236-PA esterase fe4-like Oxidative stress resistance Downregulation on Urtica 3
RuRu - RuUd g17913 NA HMEL014531-PA NA NA Downregulation on Urtica 3
RuRu - RuUd g10799 Fungal protease inhibitor HMEL015606-PA cationic peptide cp8 precursor Immune response Downregulation on Urtica 3
RuRu - RuUd g19077 g19078 NA HMEL016210-PA NA NA Downregulation on Urtica 1
RuRu - RuUd g3815 NA NA NA NA Downregulation on Urtica 3