Author contributions

NL, CP and VMT designed and supervised the research. JL, NB, CT, OC and NP performed experiments under controlled conditions. JL, CT and RM performed field experiments. RM, AC and ML acquired and analyzed UAV images. JL analyzed the phenotypic data. NP and JL produced the transcriptomic data, and SC, MM and JL analyzed these data. JL, NL and MM wrote the manuscript, and VMT, OC and NB provided corrections.