Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is one of the leading causes of severe respiratory diseases in children, especially in infants. The immune responses induced by RSV infection are a fairly complex process that can contribute significantly to disease severity. Despite decades of research on RSV, many immune mechanisms remain to be explored. A full exploration of these immune response can contribute to the discovery of new therapeutic and prophylactic approaches. Despite substantial progress in vaccine development and the development of monoclonal antibodies over the years, there are still not enough effective preventive and therapeutic strategies. This review focuses on how the immune system reacts when children contract the respiratory syncytial virus. We described the biological characteristics of RSV, the pathological process of RSV infection, innate immunity（including Pattern Recognition Receptors and inflammatory cells）, adaptive immunity (including CD4+ and CD8+ T cells and Humoral Immune Response), and immune evasion. Understanding the complicated immune response to RSV infection is essential for developing effective interventions and vaccine developments. This review will enable an appreciation of how RSV affects the immune system and enhance the advancement of pragmatic therapeutic methodologies.