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\author[1]{Hanan Abdulkarim}%
\author[2]{Tarik A Rashid}%
\affil[1]{Software Engineering Department, Engineering College, University of Salahaddin -Erbil}%
\affil[2]{Computer Science and Engineering Department, University of Kurdistan Hewler}%


\vspace{-1em}



  
  \date{April 26, 2026}


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\begin{abstract}
Recently, Nature-Inspired Algorithms (NIAs) have received significant
attention in the literature reviews and applications. This algorithmic
family mimics nature-based processes to tackle complex optimization
problems. Many problems in the industry, science, medicine, and
engineering are becoming optimization problem challenges. More than 500
algorithms have been proposed till today to tackle specific problems in
the different articles. Many researchers call these algorithms novel;
these algorithms will be explaining in this study. New taxonomy and
classification would be described. It has been found that nature-based
algorithms have some problems and time complexity limits that could lead
to a new direction for them in the future. This research would be used
to study and understand the time complexity and parameter affection the
computation time of recently developed nature-based algorithms for
multi-modal problems and applications.%
\end{abstract}%



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