There has been a rapid increase in the interest in sustainable smart cities owing to the surge in the deployment of Information and Communications Technology (ICT). The notion of sustainable and smart systems refers to the use of intellectual communication technologies to upgrade the living standards in order to satisfy present and future needs. Internet of Things (IoT) is broadly considered as a vital element of the upcoming generation and has attracted notable attention over the past few years in the transformation of sustainable cities. IoT comprises of innumerable intellectual as well as communicating devices connected through various diverse networks equipped with communication technologies such as ZigBee, WSN (Wireless Sensor Networks), RFID, GSM, Wi-Fi, etc. that generates tremendous amount of data over a broad variety of sustainable smart systems and applications. Leveraging such data for Big Data analytics assists in revealing concealed patterns, facilitating greater intelligence, smart decision-making and assessing the sustainable smart systems in real-time and is an important process that epitomizes sustainable systems as a worthy realm for technology. In this paper, we survey the existing literature on the integration of environmentally sustainable and socially resilient cities. We focus on providing insights on the use of state-of-the-art Machine Learning mechanisms in context of the sustainable smart city resilient systems. A thorough discussion of various Deep Learning algorithms and frameworks which provide embedded intelligence for sustainable smart applications such as smart home, smart city, healthcare, industry, transportation, agriculture, etc. has been discussed. We then shed light on various Big Data Analytics techniques for mining the useful things along with potential of leveraging advanced DL techniques and why it is considered a favourable approach to accomplish analytics in sustainable systems. A comprehensive study of various security attacks in sustainable smart city applications using 5G communication technology has also been provided. In the end, we discuss set of challenges and potential future directions for research that could serve as a foundation to encourage research and analytical discussions to promote the development of sustainable and smart resilient systems for environment.