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\title{Evaluating Smoothness of Force for Surgical Skill Assessment}



\author[1]{Simar P. Singh}%
\author[1]{Amir Mehdi Shayan}%
\author[2]{Jianxin Gao}%
\author[3]{Joe Bible}%
\author[2]{Richard E Groff}%
\author[1]{Ravikiran Singapogu}%
\affil[1]{Department of Bioengineering, Clemson University}%
\affil[2]{Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Clemson University}%
\affil[3]{Department of Mathematical and Statistical Sciences, Clemson University}%


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  \date{April 30, 2026}


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\begin{abstract}
This article has been accepted for publication at IEEE EMBC. \selectlanguage{ngerman}© 2024
IEEE.~ Personal use of this material is permitted.~ Permission from IEEE
must be obtained for all other uses, in any current or future media,
including reprinting/republishing this material for advertising or
promotional purposes, creating new collective works, for resale or
redistribution to servers or lists, or reuse of any copyrighted
component of this work in other works. ~

\par\null

The efficient execution of surgical operations plays a crucial role in
optimizing patient outcomes, evidencing the need for effective training
methods to improve surgical skills. Medical training simulators, praised
for objective, automated skill assessment, require instrumented sensors
and relevant metrics for targeted feedback on important aspects of a
surgical procedure. Traditional metrics that capture a single instance
of force, such as peak or range, lack the characterization of the entire
force profile and lose subtleties that may limit accurate evaluation of
the skilled application of force, a valuable aspect of assessment in
surgery. This study introduces novel force metrics inspired by motion
smoothness-based measures, analyzed on an extensive dataset of 97
subjects suturing on an open vascular suturing simulator. We validated
the effectiveness of these metrics by comparing the metric scores for
subjects with different skill levels. Our findings highlight the value
of these advanced force metrics as robust indicators of suturing
performance, demonstrating their valuable potential for more accurate
and objective skill assessment in surgical training.%
\end{abstract}\selectlanguage{ngerman}%



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