Cognitive dysfunctions in medulloblastoma survivors are common and multifactorial. Craniospinal radiation therapy, surgery-related injuries, and chemotherapy cytotoxicity are the major contributors. Given the long-lasting effects, neurocognitive outcomes should be adequately assessed and a key focus in clinical trials. This methodological review merges data about the mechanisms through which medulloblastoma and its treatment affect cognition and points out how the domains of cognition have been evaluated in observational studies and clinical trial protocols. The main objectives are to sensibilize neuro-oncologists on the theoretical foundations of cognition and its evaluation, emphasizing the importance and feasibility of integrating neurocognitive assessments into clinical trials and practice.

Retinoblastoma, the most common intraocular tumor in childhood, still faces challenges in diagnosis and treatment, particularly in low- and middle-income countries. Identifying strategies to improve the time to diagnosis and access to treatment is crucial to enhance survival rates and preserve ocular health. We conducted a systematic review to identify interventions that have demonstrated potential in addressing these challenges. We performed a comprehensive search across databases until March 2023. Out of the studies reviewed, twenty-one met the inclusion criteria and were categorized into five main areas: surveillance strategies, genetic counseling, education, public assistance and international partnership. Despite the obstacles faced, the initiatives identified in this review present acts towards improving the time to diagnosis and access to treatment for retinoblastoma. Based on the extracted data, we propose a comprehensive chain of initiatives. We firmly believe that implementing this chain of initiatives can lead to improved clinical outcomes for retinoblastoma patients.

Rationale: To understand the risk factors for catheter-related infection during treatment of pediatric cancer is essential to implement measures to prevent its occurrence. Methods: We performed a systematic review of the literature with meta-analysis to identify and synthesize the main risk factors for catheter-related infection in children with cancer. Systematic searches were conducted in Medline, Embase, Lilacs, and BVS. Results: Thirteen studies were included. Risk factors were divided into host-related, assistance-related, and catheter types. Diagnosis of hematological neoplasm, the intensity of treatment, blood transfusion in the 4-7 days before the infection, type of long-term catheters, inpatient treatment, and a longer period of hospitalization were the most consistent risk factors. Conclusions: Education for preventive measures, reduction of hospitalization, wisely choosing the most adequate type of catheter, and the best moment for catheter insertion may reduce the occurrence of catheter-related infection.