References
1. Munster VJ, Koopmans M, van Doremalen N, van Riel D, de Wit E. A novel coronavirus emerging in China—key questions for impact assessment. New England Journal of Medicine. 2020;382(8):692-4.
2. Organization WH. Responding to community spread of COVID-19: interim guidance, 7 March 2020. World Health Organization, 2020.
3. Meo SA, Al-Khlaiwi T, Usmani AM, Meo AS, Klonoff DC, Hoang TD. Biological and epidemiological trends in the prevalence and mortality due to outbreaks of novel coronavirus COVID-19. Journal of King Saud University-Science. 2020;32(4):2495-9.
4. Kalantari H, Tabrizi AHH, Foroohi F. Determination of COVID-19 prevalence with regards to age range of patients referring to the hospitals located in western Tehran, Iran. Gene reports. 2020;21:100910.
5. Bagcchi S. Stigma during the COVID-19 pandemic. The Lancet Infectious Diseases. 2020;20(7):782.
6. Goffman E. Stigma: Notes on the management of spoiled identity: Simon and Schuster; 2009.
7. Dowdy DW, Zwerling AA, Stennett A, Searle A, Dukhanin V, Taylor HA, et al. Measuring stigma to assess the social justice implications of health-related policy decisions: application to novel treatment regimens for multidrug-resistant tuberculosis. MDM Policy & Practice. 2020;5(1):2381468320915239.
8. Frost DM. Social stigma and its consequences for the socially stigmatized. Social and Personality Psychology Compass. 2011;5(11):824-39.
9. Sadati AK, Lankarani KB. Disparities and discrimination against people with HIV/AIDS by healthcare providers in Iran. Iranian journal of public health. 2019;48(10):1935.
10. Major B, O’brien LT. The social psychology of stigma. Annu Rev Psychol. 2005;56:393-421.
11. Ferree KE, Harris AS, Dulani B, Kao K, Lust E, Metheney E. Stigma, Trust, and procedural integrity: Covid-19 testing in Malawi. World Development. 2021;141:105351.
12. Cox WT, Abramson LY, Devine PG, Hollon SD. Stereotypes, prejudice, and depression: The integrated perspective. Perspectives on Psychological Science. 2012;7(5):427-49.
13. Ramaci T, Barattucci M, Ledda C, Rapisarda V. Social stigma during COVID-19 and its impact on HCWs outcomes. Sustainability. 2020;12(9):3834.
14. Abdelhafiz AS, Alorabi M. Social stigma: the hidden threat of COVID-19. Frontiers in public health. 2020;8.
15. Misra S, Le PD, Goldmann E, Yang LH. Psychological impact of anti-Asian stigma due to the COVID-19 pandemic: A call for research, practice, and policy responses. Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy. 2020.
16. Thornicroft G, Sunkel C. Announcing the Lancet Commission on stigma and discrimination in mental health. Lancet (London, England). 2020;396(10262):1543-4.
17. Sartorius N. Stigma and mental health. Lancet (London, England). 2007;370(9590):810-1.
18. Peprah P, Gyasi RM. Stigma and COVID‐19 crisis: A wake‐up call. The International Journal of Health Planning and Management. 2020.
19. Banks LM, Davey C, Shakespeare T, Kuper H. Disability-inclusive responses to COVID-19: Lessons learnt from research on social protection in low-and middle-income countries. World Development. 2021;137:105178.
20. Gupta J, Bavinck M, Ros-Tonen M, Asubonteng K, Bosch H, van Ewijk E, et al. COVID-19, poverty and inclusive development. World Development. 2021;145:105527.
21. Song M. Psychological stress responses to COVID-19 and adaptive strategies in China. World development. 2020;136:105107.
22. Etesam F, Akhlaghi M, Vahabi Z, Akbarpour S, Sadeghian MH. Comparative Study of Occupational Burnout and Job Stress of Frontline and Non-Frontline Healthcare Workers in Hospital Wards during COVID-19 Pandemic. Iranian Journal of Public Health. 2021;50(7):1428-35.
23. Farooq MB, De Villiers C. Telephonic qualitative research interviews: When to consider them and how to do them. Meditari Accountancy Research. 2017.
24. Trier-Bieniek A. Framing the telephone interview as a participant-centred tool for qualitative research: a methodological discussion. Qualitative research. 2012;12(6):630-44.
25. Erlingsson C, Brysiewicz P. A hands-on guide to doing content analysis. African Journal of Emergency Medicine. 2017;7(3):93-9.
26. Lincoln YS, Guba EG. But is it rigorous? Trustworthiness and authenticity in naturalistic evaluation. New directions for program evaluation. 1986;1986(30):73-84.
27. Harvey L. Beyond member-checking: A dialogic approach to the research interview. International Journal of Research & Method in Education. 2015;38(1):23-38.
28. Chew CC, Lim XJ, Chang CT, Rajan P, Nasir N, Low WY. Experiences of Social Stigma Among Patients Tested Positive for COVID-19 and Their Family Members: A Qualitative Study. 2021.
29. Eisazadeh F, Aliakbari Dehkordi M, Aghajanbigloo S. Psychological consequences of patients with coronavirus (COVID-19): A Qualitative Study. Biquarterly Iranian Journal of Health Psychology. 2020;2(2):9-20.
30. Davtyan M, Brown B, Folayan MO. Addressing Ebola-related stigma: lessons learned from HIV/AIDS. Global health action. 2014;7(1):26058.
31. Karamouzian M, Hategekimana C. Ebola treatment and prevention are not the only battles: understanding Ebola-related fear and stigma. International journal of health policy and management. 2015;4(1):55.
32. Farag E, Marufu O, Sikkema R, Al-Romaihi H, Al Thani M, Al-Marri S, et al. The hidden epidemic: MERS-CoV-related stigma observations from the field, Qatar 2012-2015. International Journal of Infectious Diseases. 2016;45:332.
33. Ransing R, Ramalho R, de Filippis R, Ojeahere MI, Karaliuniene R, Orsolini L, et al. Infectious disease outbreak related stigma and discrimination during the COVID-19 pandemic: drivers, facilitators, manifestations, and outcomes across the world. Brain, Behavior, and Immunity. 2020.
34. Sun N, Wei L, Wang H, Wang X, Gao M, Hu X, et al. Qualitative study of the psychological experience of COVID-19 patients during hospitalization. Journal of affective disorders. 2021;278:15-22.
35. Sood S. Psychological effects of the Coronavirus disease-2019 pandemic. Research & Humanities in Medical Education. 2020;7(11):23-6.
36. Ćosić K, Popović S, Šarlija M, Kesedžić I, Jovanovic T. Artificial intelligence in prediction of mental health disorders induced by the covid-19 pandemic among health care workers. Croatian Medical Journal. 2020;61(3):279.
37. Dongmei L. Influence of the Youth’s Psychological Capital on Social Anxiety during the COVID-19 Pandemic Outbreak: The Mediating Role of Coping Style. Iranian Journal of Public Health. 2020;49(11):2060.
38. Ahmed A, Aqeel M, Aslam N. COVID-19 health crisis and prevalence of anxiety among individuals of various age groups: a qualitative study. The Journal of Mental Health Training, Education and Practice. 2020.
39. Sahu P. Closure of universities due to coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19): impact on education and mental health of students and academic staff. Cureus. 2020;12(4).
40. Long N. From social distancing to social containment. Medicine Anthropology Theory. 2020;7(2):247-60.
41. Bhanot D, Singh T, Verma SK, Sharad S. Stigma and discrimination during COVID-19 pandemic. Frontiers in Public Health. 2020;8:829.
42. Chen D, Song F, Tang L, Zhang H, Shao J, Qiu R, et al. Quarantine experience of close contacts of COVID-19 patients in China: A qualitative descriptive study. General hospital psychiatry. 2020;66:81-8.
43. Ornell F, Schuch JB, Sordi AO, Kessler FHP. “Pandemic fear” and COVID-19: mental health burden and strategies. Brazilian Journal of Psychiatry. 2020;42(3):232-5.
44. Gallop J. Lacan’s” mirror stage”: Where to begin. SubStance. 1982;11:118-28.
45. Muller J. Lacan’s mirror stage. Psychoanalytic Inquiry. 1985;5(2):233-52.
46. Eatough V, Smith JA. Interpretative phenomenological analysis. The Sage handbook of qualitative research in psychology. 2008;179:194.
47. Smith JA, Shinebourne P. Interpretative phenomenological analysis: American Psychological Association; 2012.
48. Grover S, Dua D, Sahoo S, Mehra A, Nehra R, Chakrabarti S. Why all COVID-19 hospitals should have mental health professionals: The importance of mental health in a worldwide crisis! Asian journal of psychiatry. 2020;51:102147.
49. Ren S-Y, Gao R-D, Chen Y-L. Fear can be more harmful than the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 in controlling the corona virus disease 2019 epidemic. World journal of clinical cases. 2020;8(4):652.
50. Imran N, Afzal H, Aamer I, Hashmi A, Shabbir B, Asif A, et al. Scarlett Letter: A study based on experience of stigma by COVID-19 patients in quarantine. Pakistan Journal of Medical Sciences. 2020;36(7):1471.
51. Aungsuroch Y, Juanamasta IG, Gunawan J. Experiences of Patients with Coronavirus in the COVID-19 Pandemic Era in Indonesia. Asian Journal for Public Opinion Research. 2020;8(3):377-92.
Table 1: Demographic characteristics of participants in the study of social stigma among patients afflicted with COVID-19.