Background: LAB are important probiotics and are considered safe food-grade microorganisms. With the continuous in-depth study of LAB, which was discovered that LAB are faces various environmental pressure phenomena in applications. These stressful environments will obviously worsen the physiological condition of LAB, which in turn will affect the production of their fermentation and metabolites. Purpose: In order to realize the industrialization of cheap biological raw materials and reduce the cost of raw materials. Based on biomass resources, the economical fermentation processes have become a research focus. Summary: This article reviews the application status of cheap raw materials in LAB, focusing on the development of biomass resources based on LAB fermentation. discusses the bottlenecks in the production and metabolism of LAB, and prospects the development of LAB. Conclusion: It provides a theoretical basis for the construction of process engineering technology and metabolic regulation. In addition, the use of modern biotechnology strategies to screen target strains needed to increase LA production was also discussed, such as adaptive evolution.