microRNA Optical technique Linear dynamic range Disease Mechanism Reference
miRNA-21 Fluorescence 50 pM–1 nM RA Immobilized FAM-labelled hairpin probes on AuNPs; amplification based on duplex-specific nuclease
let-7a Fluorescence 10 fM–2 pM RA Helicase (RecQE) -assisted hybridization chain reaction on graphene oxide (GO) platform
miRNA-155 Absorbance 100 aM–100 fM RA DNA probe bound to citrate-capped Au nanoparticles; target miRNA adsorbed on polyethylenimine-capped AuNP surface
miRNA-15a SPR (Surface Plasmon Resonance) 5 fM–0.5 nM RA Isolated Au islands on innovative chip installed on SPRi imager bordered by hydrophobic fluoropolymer- CYTOP
miRNA-21, miRNA-155 SPR (Surface Plasmon Resonance) 10 aM–10 pM RA SPR chip surface coated with antimonene nanosheets; amplification due to interaction with AuNR-ssDNA
miRNA-155 SERS (Surface Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy) 1 fM–10 nM RA SERS enhanced DSN amplification in DNA microcapsule using TB@CaCO3 blend
miRNA-21 square wave voltammetry (SWV); electrochemical 200 pM–1 fM T2DM streptavidin-biotin interaction mediated deposition of AgNPs on Au electrode
miRNA-155 differential pulse voltammetry (DPV); electrochemical 0.1 fM–1.0 nM T2DM Mo2C nanosheets depositied with AuNPs based on catalytic hairpin assembly
miRNA-375 square wave voltammetry (SWV); electrochemical 10–30 fM T2DM Immobilized miR-375 capture probe on Au electrode followed by hybridization
miRNA-34a electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) 2–10 µg/mL T2DM Immobilized ionic liquid (1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate) on activated pencil graphite electrodes
miRNA-145 Fluorescence
spectrophotometry
N/A MS Hybridization chain reaction based formation of AgNCs in DNA (highly fluorescent)/use of oligonucleotide hairpin probes
miRNA- 23a,