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\title{A Magnetic Particle Imaging Approach for Minimally Invasive Imaging and
Sensing with Implantable Bioelectronic Circuits}



\author[1]{Zhi Wei Tay }%
\author[1]{Han-Joon Kim }%
\author[1]{John S.Y. Ho }%
\author[1]{Malini Olivo }%
\affil[1]{Affiliation not available}%


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  \date{May 06, 2026}


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\begin{abstract}
( This work has been accepted for publication, full citation: Z. Tay, H.
-J. Kim, J. S. Ho and M. Olivo, ``A Magnetic Particle Imaging Approach
for Minimally Invasive Imaging and Sensing with Implantable
Bioelectronic Circuits,'' in~\emph{IEEE Transactions on Medical
Imaging}, doi: 10.1109/TMI.2023.3348149. Copyright may be transferred
without notice, after which this version may no longer be accessible. )

Minimally-invasive and biocompatible implantable bioelectronic circuits
are used for long-term monitoring of physiological processes in the
body. However, there is a lack of methods that can cheaply and
conveniently image the device within the body while simultaneously
extracting sensor information. Magnetic Particle Imaging (MPI) with zero
background signal, high contrast, and high sensitivity with quantitative
images is ideal for this challenge because the magnetic signal is not
absorbed with increasing tissue depth and incurs no radiation dose. We
show how to easily modify common implantable devices to be imaged by MPI
by encapsulating and magnetically-coupling magnetic nanoparticles
(SPIOs) to the device circuit. These modified implantable devices not
only provide spatial information via MPI, but also couple to our
handheld MPI reader to transmit sensor information by modulating
harmonic signals from magnetic nanoparticles via switching or
frequency-shifting with resistive or capacitive sensors. This paper
provides proof-of-concept of an optimized MPI imaging technique for
implantable devices to extract spatial information as well as other
information transmitted by the implanted circuit (such as biosensing)
via encoding in the magnetic particle spectrum. The 4D images present 3D
position and a changing color tone in response to a variable biometric.
Biophysical sensing via bioelectronic circuits that take advantage of
the unique imaging properties of MPI may enable a wide range of
minimally invasive applications in biomedicine and diagnosis.%
\end{abstract}%



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