Introduction
Indian Kathiawari horses are well-known as an endurance breed in the Indian subcontinent, yet not much research has been undertaken on their exercise physiology. An evaluation of the exercise physiology of Kathiawari horses could significantly contribute to the further development of the breed and for the improvement of its healthcare. Kathiawari horses are well-adapted to the arid and semi-arid conditions of the Kathiawar region. These horses are known for their loyalty and intelligence, making them suitable for various equestrian activities. While Kathiawari horses were historically used in warfare, today they are also employed in various equestrian disciplines, including dressage, show jumping, and endurance riding.
Hematological reference values were used to diagnose diseases, to establish normal range and to find physiological alteration such as dehydration in horses. The reasons for potential differences could also be influenced by genetic factors, water availability, electrolyte losses through sweat, nutritional quality and quantity, parasitism and sub-clinical diseases. In addition to that the adaptation of working horses to hot, humid climates and the physiological effects of endurance exercise from an early age could also influence their normal ranges as reported by Pritchard et al . (2009).
Serum biochemical markers had long been used as diagnostic indicator of myocardial damage in veterinary medicine. Serum enzymes, such as lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) isoenzymes, and aspartate aminotransferase (AST), had been used to diagnose myocardial damages in veterinary medicine. Elevations of these enzymes in serum were sensitive indicators of enzyme leakage and cell necrosis. However, elevation of these enzymes in serum activity was not a specific indicator of cardiac damage because they were present in many tissues. Elevations were also seen in cases of hepatic diseases, endocrine disorders, skeletal muscle damage and pulmonary conditions as quoted by Olson and Miller (1986).
Changes in hemato-biochemical values represent an adaptation of the individual horse to metabolic stress or catabolic response of the body to physical activity, injury or disease. By obtaining blood samples during the race, the effect of intense exercise on blood variables can be monitored. Changes in electrolyte and mineral values are most likely to occur during high-intensity or prolonged exercise (Klobucar et al ., 2019). This study aimed to investigate the changes in haematobiochemical parameters before and after exercise and to establish the normal reference values in Indian Kathiawari horses.