Abstract The relationship between events and urban public spaces is increasingly marked by tensions and conflicts, This paper examines the various aspects of tensions related to event management in urban public spaces, highlighting the challenges faced by organizers, local authorities, and city residents. It analyzes strategies and solutions implemented to manage these conflicts, drawing on case studies from different cities and events. Key issues include conflicts over space usage, competing interests, environmental concerns, sociocultural tensions, and security challenges. Effective conflict management requires enhanced communication and stakeholder consultation, efficient planning and coordination, environmental sustainability, and improved safety measures. The paper concludes with recommendations for integrated and adaptive policies to ensure the success and sustainability of urban events, promoting a harmonious coexistence between event activities and the urban community. Keywords: Conflicts,Urban public spaces,Events,Management strategies,Sustainability,StakeholdersIntroduction  The relationship between events and urban public spaces is increasingly characterized by tensions and conflicts. Cities such as Barcelona, Edinburgh, and Amsterdam face disputes over the use of public spaces for festivals, often prioritizing external benefits over local interests \cite{McGillivray_2022}. In Berlin, conflicts arise between those seeking leisure and those requiring quiet, leading to the identification of dedicated outdoor event spaces \cite{Weber_2019}. The pursuit of mega-events in Valencia has elicited social and environmental criticism from citizens and urban movements, revealing a clash between new urban modernity and local concerns .\cite{del_Romero_Renau_2011} These conflicts highlight the delicate balance cities must maintain between protecting public spaces as living resources and exploiting them for economic and reputational gains. The future of urban events could involve scenarios of persistent conflicts, harmonious growth, or increased digitalization.\cite{Richards_2024}In light of these tensions and issues, it is imperative to develop effective management strategies to ensure the success and sustainability of events in urban public spaces. This involves enhanced communication and stakeholder consultation, efficient planning and coordination, environmental sustainability, and improved safety measures. We aim to examine the various aspects of tensions related to event management in urban public spaces, highlighting the challenges faced by organizers, local authorities, and city residents. We will also analyze the strategies and solutions implemented to manage these tensions and present case studies and concrete examples from different cities and events. Finally, we will discuss future perspectives and recommendations for more effective and sustainable management of urban events.I-Literature ReviewUrban public spaces are the sites of numerous events that contribute to the vibrancy and attractiveness of cities worldwide. However, this activity is not without generating frictions and challenges that must be addressed to ensure a peaceful coexistence between events and the various stakeholders involved \cite{Richards_2024}The literature review examines the various aspects of tensions related to event management in urban public spaces, highlighting the challenges faced by organizers, local authorities, and city residents. It also analyzes the strategies and solutions implemented to manage these tensions and presents case studies and concrete examples from different cities and events. Finally, it discusses future perspectives and recommendations for more effective and sustainable management of urban events.The driving force behind the use of public spaces for events is often a neoliberal agenda focused on place marketing and revenue generation. Cities and event organizers are increasingly viewing public spaces as assets that can be leveraged to attract tourists, stimulate economic growth, and enhance the city's image. While this approach can bring economic benefits and increase the vibrancy of urban areas, it is important to acknowledge the broader implications of this neoliberal agenda. The prioritization of commercial interests and revenue generation can lead to the commodification of public spaces, undermining their role as inclusive and democratic sites.To address these challenges, it is crucial to engage in a more nuanced and critical examination of the use of public spaces for events. This involves recognizing the complex interplay between the positive and negative effects of these events and developing strategies to mitigate the adverse impacts. Policymakers, urban planners, and event organizers should work collaboratively to ensure that the use of public spaces for events is balanced and equitable, taking into account the needs and interests of all stakeholders. By doing so, cities can harness the potential of public spaces to foster vibrant and inclusive urban environments while safeguarding their role as shared and accessible resources.\cite{Smith_2017} The contested nature of public space reflects broader social struggles and ideological disputes over who has the right to access and use these areas \cite{Di_Masso_Tarditti_2017}. Everyday interactions and unintentional spatial practices play a crucial role in shaping public spaces, often creating exclusionary territories that are difficult to overturn even through collective action \cite{Pettas_2019}.    Cities, by their very nature, are dynamic and complex spaces that bring together a diverse array of social groups, each with its own unique identities, histories, and aspirations. This convergence often leads to social and symbolic conflicts, as different groups vie for recognition, resources, and control over urban spaces. The struggle for control is not merely about physical territory but also about the symbolic value and cultural significance attached to these spaces.\cite{2006} Groups often develop their identities in relation to these urban environments and events, using them as canvases to express their cultural narratives, political views, and social norms. However, this process can also lead to marginalization, as dominant groups may impose their own values and identities onto spaces, excluding or displacing others.This can result in tensions, inequality, and even violence, as those who feel marginalized or disenfranchised may resist or challenge the prevailing social order. Therefore, the struggle for control of urban spaces is a complex and multifaceted process that shapes not only the physical landscape of cities but also the social and cultural dynamics that define urban life.\cite{2006} Adapting public spaces to host events can initially seem like a practical solution, offering vibrant and accessible venues for community engagement and cultural expression. However, this approach introduces a new set of challenges and does not necessarily resolve existing problems associated with staging events in public spaces. Conflicts and disputes over the use of these spaces for events are almost inevitable, as different stakeholders—including residents, businesses, and event organizers—may have competing interests and priorities. For instance, while event organizers aim to create engaging and well-attended experiences, local residents may be concerned about noise, traffic, and disruptions to their daily routines. \cite{Smith_2021}

This article examines the applicability of mathematical models traditionally utilized in marketing innovation to the planning and analysis of urban events, with the Ghriba Pilgrimage in Djerba serving as a case study. Marketing innovation models, including the Bass Model, Rogers' Diffusion of Innovations, and Product Lifecycle Theory, offer invaluable frameworks for forecasting market behavior, comprehending consumer adoption processes, and formulating effective strategies. In this study, these models are adapted for the analysis of urban events, which, like marketing innovations, exhibit distinctive patterns of adoption and evolve through defined stages of the product lifecycle. Urban events, which encompass a range of activities from cultural festivals to public gatherings, exert a considerable influence on the social and economic dynamics of cities. Such events serve to drive tourism, foster community engagement, and stimulate local economies. The objective of this study is to apply marketing innovation models in order to predict and analyze the impact of these events on urban dynamics, with the aim of enhancing event planning, management, and evaluation. The paper presents a comparative analysis between marketing innovations and urban events, demonstrating parallels in their respective adoption processes and lifecycle stages. The Ghriba Pilgrimage provides an illustrative case study demonstrating the applicability of these models. The study employs text mining and natural language processing (NLP) techniques to examine social media sentiments and visitor reviews, thereby gaining insight into the emotional and experiential aspects of the event. The findings indicate that mathematical models from marketing can be effectively adapted to urban events, providing valuable insights into their planning and impact. The study highlights the significance of innovative and engaging experiences for event attendees and suggests that these models can inform strategic decisions in urban planning.

Thе usе of unsupеrvisеd machinе lеarning tеchniquеs,  spеcifically K-mеans clustеring algorithms,  in urban studiеs has gainеd significant attеntion in rеcеnt yеars.  Thеsе tеchniquеs havе provеn to bе valuablе in analyzing and undеrstanding various aspеcts of urban dеsign,  such as land usе pattеrns,  transportation systеms,  and population distribution.  This articlе aims to providе a comprеhеnsivе rеviеw of thе application of K-mеans clustеring algorithms in urban studiеs. Thе findings of this rеviеw dеmonstratе thе widе rangе of applications of K-mеans clustеring in urban studiеs,  from idеntifying distinct land usе catеgoriеs to undеrstanding thе spatial distribution of social amеnitiеs.  Furthеrmorе,  it is rеvеalеd that thе usе of K-mеans clustеring in urban studiеs allows for thе idеntification and charactеrization of hiddеn pattеrns and similaritiеs among urban arеas that might not bе immеdiatеly apparеnt through traditional analysis mеthods.  Ovеrall,  thе usе of K-mеans clustеring algorithms providеs a valuablе tool for urban plannеrs and rеsеarchеrs in gaining insights and making informеd dеcisions in urban dеsign.  keywords: k-means clustering,unsupervised Machine Learning ,urban studies  

L'urbanisme tactique propose des approches de planification alternatives aux méthodes traditionnelles de conception urbaine. Axés sur la satisfaction des besoins des utilisateurs et la résolution des problèmes socio-urbains, ces projets utilisent des méthodes inclusives, intuitives, collaboratives, expérimentales et sensibles pour aborder la ville. Essentiellement, ces projets "ascendants" inspirent une nouvelle façon de penser la ville en construisant de nouvelles valeurs urbaines collectives. Cette analyse documentaire synthétise diverses perspectives sur l'urbanisme tactique, en explorant sa nature adaptative, son rôle de catalyseur économique, sa dimension d'autonomisation sociale, l'influence narrative des médias et son applicabilité à l'échelle mondiale. Collectivement, ces dimensions décrivent l'urbanisme tactique comme une force à multiples facettes qui façonne les aspects économiques, sociaux et culturels du développement urbain.

This article summarizes a literature review focused on urban quality of life and public perceptions. The review evaluates six articles that investigate different aspects related to this important urban planning topic, highlighting varied perspectives.The selected articles are distinguished by their research methods and data analyses. Some researchers rely on quantitative data, while others prefer qualitative data, or a combination of both. These various methodologies enable researchers to approach urban quality of life from diverse perspectives.