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\begin{document}
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\title{Optimal Point Shifting based on Virtual Impedance for Flexible Power Point Tracking and Power Reservation of PV Systems}



\author[1]{Yeqin Wang}%
\affil[1]{Affiliation not available}%


\vspace{-1em}



  
  \date{April 27, 2026}


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\begin{abstract}
In this letter, to handle the over-generation issue of photovoltaic (PV)
systems based on maximal power point tracking (MPPT) algorithms, and to
provide the power reservation for power grids, an optimal point shifting
design based on virtual impedance is proposed for PV systems with
flexible power point tracking. With the introduction of the virtual
impedance, the virtual PV power is provided to auto-shift optimal power
points on PV power-voltage curves. With a MPPT algorithm applied to the
virtual PV power, the actual PV power is auto-turned without the
estimation of maximum available PV power. The proposed design is
validated through simulation studies of a PV-battery charging system and
experimental studies of a grid-tied PV system, where both the
overcharging of the battery and the over PV power generation are
effectively avoided by reducing actual PV power according to the
increasing of the battery SOC or the grid RMS voltage, respectively.%
\end{abstract}%



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