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\title{Common-Mode Frequency of Power Systems Affected by Voltage Dynamics}



\author[1]{Huisheng Gao }%
\author[2,2]{Huanhai Xin }%
\author[1]{Guang Hu }%
\author[1]{Hui Yuan }%
\author[1]{Linbin Huang }%
\author[1]{Ping Ju}%
\affil[1]{Affiliation not available}%
\affil[2]{Zhejiang university}%


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  \date{May 07, 2026}


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\begin{abstract}
~~~ The increasing penetration of inverter-based resources (IBRs) in
power systems has raised many concerns in terms of frequency stability.
However, prior art analytical models for system frequency generally
cannot precisely account for the impact of voltage dynamics, leading to
potentially incorrect results. The main challenge lies in understanding
system frequency in the case of non-constant bus voltages, and
integrating the voltage dynamics of generation devices at different bus
locations into the system frequency model. To address this issue, this
article defines the voltage-influenced common-mode frequency (VCMF),
serving as a system frequency analysis model considering voltage
dynamics. The VCMF is derived through the decomposition of bus frequency
responses, leveraging the connection between the consistent part of bus
frequencies and the rotational invariance of power flow. The
decomposition process introduces voltage dynamics into the system
frequency response, represented as a global term that interconnects all
devices through the power network. To address the complexity of this
global term, an algebraic graph theory-based network partitioning method
is introduced. This method effectively divides the globally coupled term
into several locally coupled components, making the analysis of the VCMF
more manageable. Finally, simulations are provided to validate the
proposed methods.%
\end{abstract}%



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