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\title{Influence of Eddy Current Losses in Non-Superconducting Layers of HTS in Superconducting Electrical Machines}



\author[1]{Runar Mellerud}%
\author[1]{Christian Hartmann}%
\author[1]{Casper Leonard Klop}%
\author[1]{Jonas Kristiansen Nøland}%
\affil[1]{Affiliation not available}%


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  \date{April 30, 2026}


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\begin{abstract}
Numerical analysis of high-temperature superconductors (HTS) commonly
addresses AC losses in the superconducting REBCO layer. However,
alternating magnetic fields also induce eddy current losses in the
metallic non-superconducting (non-SC) substrate, silver, and copper
layers of the HTS, which cannot be overlooked for certain operating
temperatures and frequencies. Previously, non-SC losses have been
estimated numerically for simple geometries at 77 K. Using a multilayer
H-A-formulated model, this paper estimates the eddy current losses for a
full-scale 2.5 MW superconducting aviation motor for frequencies between
50 and 1000 Hz and temperatures between 25 and 60 K. Furthermore, a
sensitivity study is presented to show how AC losses are impacted by
specific design parameters such as the copper purity, angle of the
external field, tapes per turn, tape height, and copper layer thickness.
The results show that eddy current losses are negligible for high HTS
temperatures and low frequencies. However, at low temperatures and high
frequencies, these losses represent a significant share of the total,
meaning that while they can be neglected for low-speed machinery, they
must be considered for power-dense machinery, particularly if the
planned cooling method involves liquid hydrogen (LH2) temperatures.%
\end{abstract}%



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