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\title{Algorithm for Fewest Arms of Multiband Linear Dipole Antenna}



\author[1]{Bing Xiao }%
\author[1]{Hang Wong}%
\author[1]{Yichen Wei}%
\author[1]{Lawrence Kwan Yeung}%
\affil[1]{Affiliation not available}%


\vspace{-1em}



  
  \date{May 03, 2026}


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\begin{abstract}
Multiband linear dipole antennas are necessary for many strip- or
bar-shaped gateway devices of the Internet of Things (IoT) for
connectivity under various communication protocols. However, the
conventional methodology to design multiband dipole antennas is
generally empirically based. More frequency bands usually mean even more
arms/slots, which results in increasingly bulky size. In this article,
we introduce an algorithm to use the fewest arms to design any multiband
linear dipole antenna. The algorithm is based on sharing arms after the
effective ranges of mode excitation are determined by characteristic
mode analysis (CMA). It also applies to multiple wideband or
ultrawideband antennas. By this algorithm, an exemplified pentaband
dipole antenna is designed, effectively covering 433, 868, 1176, 1575,
and 2450 MHz bands for low-power wide-area network (LPWAN), global
navigation satellite system (GNSS), and industrial, scientific and
medical (ISM) applications. The antenna has only 2.5 pairs of arms. 50\%
of arms are reduced in comparison to traditional methods. This algorithm
significantly simplifies the structure of a multiband dipole antenna,
especially suitable for strip- or bar-shaped IoT devices.%
\end{abstract}%



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