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\title{Arbitrary and Rigorous Aperture Illumination Synthesis in Huygens'
Metasurface-Based Leaky-Wave Antennas}



\author[1]{Pablo Mateos-Ruiz}%
\author[2]{Vinay Kumar Killamsetty}%
\author[2]{Ariel Epstein}%
\author[1]{Elena Abdo-Sánchez }%
\affil[1]{Telecommunication Research Institute (TELMA), University of Málaga, 29010 Málaga, Spain}%
\affil[2]{Andrew and Erna Viterbi Faculty of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Technion–Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 32000, Israel}%


\vspace{-1em}



  
  \date{April 25, 2026}


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\begin{abstract}
Omega-type bianisotropic Huygens' metasurfaces offer a novel approach
for controlling the aperture field distribution of leaky-wave antennas.
This paper presents a methodology utilizing a parallel-plate waveguide
with a metasurface as its top plate. Previous limitations on constant
leakage factor are addressed using a slowly varying amplitude
approximation in order to satisfy Maxwell's wave equation, enabling the
design of the radiation pattern. A semi-analytical algorithm is employed
to obtain the required multi-layer unit-cell geometries. Here, the
inter-layer coupling is taken into account, enabling an efficient
synthesis of these antennas. Several designs presenting different
pointing angles and aperture field distributions are carried out,
showing very good agreement between theory and realistic simulations
without further full-wave optimization. Finally, the design process is
experimentally validated through several prototypes, whose measurements
are shown and discussed. These results, demonstrating straightforward
semi-analytical synthesis of versatile aperture profiles, would
significantly broaden the applicability of such antennas in
next-generation wireless systems. ~%
\end{abstract}%



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