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Reviving Spent Lithium-ion Batteries: The Advancements and Challenges of Black Mass Recovery
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  • Yunjia Ran,
  • Songhak Yoon,
  • Samuel Meles,
  • Dennis Jöckel,
  • Sungho Baek,
  • Marc Widenmeyer,
  • Benjamin Balke-Grünewald,
  • Anke Weidenkaff
Yunjia Ran
Technical University of Darmstadt
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Songhak Yoon
Fraunhofer-Einrichtung für Wertstoffkreisläufe und Ressourcenstrategie IWKS Hanau

Corresponding Author:song.hak.yoon@iwks.fraunhofer.de

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Samuel Meles
Fraunhofer-Einrichtung für Wertstoffkreisläufe und Ressourcenstrategie IWKS Hanau
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Dennis Jöckel
Fraunhofer-Einrichtung für Wertstoffkreisläufe und Ressourcenstrategie IWKS Hanau
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Sungho Baek
Fraunhofer-Einrichtung für Wertstoffkreisläufe und Ressourcenstrategie IWKS Hanau
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Marc Widenmeyer
Technical University of Darmstadt
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Benjamin Balke-Grünewald
Fraunhofer-Einrichtung für Wertstoffkreisläufe und Ressourcenstrategie IWKS Hanau
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Anke Weidenkaff
Fraunhofer-Einrichtung für Wertstoffkreisläufe und Ressourcenstrategie IWKS Hanau
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Abstract

Once batteries reach their end-of-life (EoL), they are expected to be collected, dismantled, and shredded into black mass (BM) which includes wealth amounts of critical metals. BM can be regarded as a kind of urban mines, where recyclers extract critical metals and reintroduce them into new battery manufacturing. Focusing on the BM, this article discussed the necessity of BM recovery and current recycling situations. Although the benefits of recycling are commonly agreed upon, there remain still many challenges and issues to overcome. The BM market is still in its infancy, relevant regulatory frameworks need to be updated with the widespread use and advancement of lithium-ion batteries (LIBs). Current BM-producing and processing technologies still have room for large improvements in terms of economic feasibility and sustainability that in the end requires efforts from both researchers and industrial stakeholders with growing interests and patient engagements.
21 Oct 2023Submitted to Battery Energy
24 Oct 2023Submission Checks Completed
24 Oct 2023Assigned to Editor
24 Oct 2023Review(s) Completed, Editorial Evaluation Pending
27 Oct 2023Reviewer(s) Assigned
15 Nov 2023Editorial Decision: Revise Major