Study population
382 consecutive AF patients undergoing index radiofrequency ablation
procedure from January 2019 to July 2022 were retrospectively enrolled.
Exclusion criteria included: (1) Unsuccessful PV isolation; (2) Unable
to maintain sinus rhythm during mapping of insertion sites; (3) Both
AEPVR and endocardial gap present in a single case. All patients
provided written informed consent. The study protocol was approved by
the institutional review board of Huashan Hospital Fudan University
(KY2023-485).