The  most famous example of a nanosensor used in medicine is cadmium selenide (CdSe). This compound works to detect cancerous tumors  using fluorescence properties.

Note:  Genome Nano biochip , a bioelectronic  and microarray  device  , widely   performs genomic, proteomic  and functional analysis  on a large scale.Genome  Nano biochip mainly includes three types: DNA microarray , protein microarray, and microfluidic  chip.  By integrating microarray and microfluidic systems, a total micro-nano analysis system is produced, often referred to as a lab-on-a-chip (LOC).  Advances in nanotechnology have  continuously reduced the size of  biochemistry , which in turn has reduced the cost of production and increased its high throughput capability.  Due to the advantages of low cost, high power and nano miniaturization, this technology has great potential. The biggest advantage of DNA arrays is its high speed and power, and it is used in various genomic applications, including  analysis by electric nanoparticles,  Genome Nano biochip.Genome Nano biochips  ,  especially  functional  microarrays , is used to study basic biological properties such as investigating the interaction of cells or other molecules.  Genome Nano Biochip Genome Nano biochip  are able to perform various types of chemical and cellular analysis, isolation and reaction.  Nano Biochip Genome Nano biochip  is one of the fastest growing areas of microfabrication  and the development of nanotechnology and many technologies to develop applications in a wide range of disciplines including analysis and detection in cells by Nano particles are made.

Note: Proliferation and expansion  of Lab-on-a-Chip diagnostic nanosensors in DNA detection is  a more specialized function of nanochips or gene and protein microarrays containing markers against the entire human genome to investigate genetic changes.Gene and protein microarrays in very small sizes with the capability of molecular detection based on DNA sequence and human proteins and other pathogenic agents that are used for research purposes. With the proliferation of biological nano sensors and Lab on a chip micro elements, medical diagnostic laboratories are able to examine and measure hundreds of biological substances, from counting blood cells to the detailed examination of blood factors and other body fluids and tissues, pathology  laboratories Clinically, various types of imaging systems such as  radiology, ultrasound, endoscopy, CT scan, MRI and other specialized diagnostic methods for examining various diseases  such as angiography, echocardiography, echocardiography, and other organs are highly developed. Is .  With the development of human knowledge in the fields of cellular and molecular sciences, genetics and identification of genes responsible for various diseases, Determining the sequence of the genome of pathogenic agents, checking and comparing them and creating genomic databases, developing molecular diagnostic methods,  specialized laboratories using these methods for accurate diagnosis of infectious pathogens, some genetic disorders and even in some cases for prenatal diagnosis. and the possibility of the fetus suffering from severe hereditary diseases and used to determine the gender of the fetus.

Note: The dynamic process of sorting and precise positioning of nano particle biomass in pre-defined microstructures is very important, however, this is a major obstacle to the realization of surface-sensitive nanobiosensors and practical nano bio chips.A scalable, widespread and non-destructive trapping method based on dielectric forces is much needed for nanoparticle collection and nanobiosensing tools.  Here, we present a vertical nanogap architecture with an electrode-insulator-electrode stack structure.  Facilitate the generation of strong dielectric forces at low voltages, for precise capture and manipulation of nanoparticles and molecular assemblies, including lipid vesicles and amyloid-beta fibrillar proteins/oligomers.  Our vertical nanoplastic platform allows low-voltage nanoparticles recorded in optical dimensional designs, providing new opportunities for the fabrication of advanced surface-sensitive sensors.

Note: Nano  bioelectrical biosensors have been created for various applications such as food quality estimation, environmental monitoring and diagnosis of clinical and metabolic complications.  Nanoelectronics technology has dedicated some very exciting materials to improve the sensing phenomenon.  The use of various nanomaterials, including nanoparticles, nanotubes, nanotubes, and nanowires, causes faster identification and reproducibility in a much better way.The unique properties of nanomaterials such as high electrical conductivity, better shock tolerance,  and sensitive responses such as versatile piezo-electric and color detection mechanisms are only results of the multitude of properties of nanomaterials.  Different types of biosensors are propagated based on different types of nanomaterials and their developmental and implicit aspects. The measurement of biological responses has assumed great importance in the current scenario of ever-dynamic environmental developments and altered homeostatic events that   occur  at the in vivo  as well as  intracorporeal level  .  Analyzing the behavior of changing materials is of great importance in areas such as pharmaceutical diagnostics, food quality screening, and environmental applications.

Note: NEMS and surface-to-body (BULK) micromachining technology, plus  LIGA-like and LIGA or high-aspect ratio  technologies, are the most developed manufacturing methods.Silicon  is the primary substrate used in the nano- microelectronics industry  . A crystal mold (  solid core 300nm diameter and 100nm nanometer long) is  crystallized from very high purity silicon and  cut to the desired thickness and then  polished by mechanical and chemical polishing  technologies. The characteristics of electromagnetic and mechanical beads are  due to the crystallization of the crystal and  its predicted impurities.

Note: Nanostructure is defined as any structure with one or more dimensions and is measured in the range of nanometer scale.Nanostructures are materials or structures that have at least one dimension between 1 and 100 nanometers have. The importance of the nanoscale is in changing the properties and characteristics of materials in these dimensions. Properties such as electrical conductivity, electromagnetic properties, etc. Starting to change the properties of the material by shrinking it depends above all on the type of material and the desired property. For example, by shrinking the dimensions of a material, generally, some of the electromagnetic properties of nano-molecular materials, such as the conductivity of nano particles in materials, are improved. This increase in strength does not happen only in the range of a few nanometers, and the strength of materials of several tens or even hundreds of nanometers may be much more than the mass material of a large scale. On the other hand, the change of some properties such as conductivity in electromagnetic properties in nanowires can occur in dimensions of only a few nanometers.

Note: In general, in order to receive the electromagnetic wave in the space, the dimensions of the antenna must be in the order of the wavelength of the input to its surface. Due to the very small dimensions of nano sensors, nano antennas need to have a very high working frequency to be usable.The use of graphene helps to solve this problem to a great extent. The speed of propagation of waves in CNTs and GNRs can be 100 times lower than its speed in vacuum, and this is related to the physical structure, temperature and energy. Based on this, the resonance frequency of graphene-based nano-antennas can be two orders of magnitude lower than nano-antennas based on nano-carbon materials. It has been mathematically and theoretically proven that a quasi-metallic carbon nanotube can emit terahertz radiation when a time-varying voltage is applied to its sides. One of the most important parameters of any nano antenna is the current distribution on it. This  characteristic determines the radiation pattern, radiation resistance and reactance and many  important characteristics of the antenna.  Despite the possibilities of making nanotubes with a length of several centimeters, it is possible to  make electrical conductors with a length-to-width ratio of the order of 10^7. has it. At first glance, nanotube antennas  give us the impression that they are similar to Dipole antennas designed in  small dimensions. But in fact, it is not  the case in the main theory of Dipole antennas to determine the distribution of current on the antenna,  where the Dipole radius is larger than the skin depth and also  the resistance losses are so low that they can be ignored.

Note: Nanoelectronics technology has dedicated some very exciting materials to improve the sensing phenomenon.  The use of various nanomaterials, including nanoparticles, nanotubes, nanotubes, and nanowires, causes faster identification and reproducibility in a much better way.The unique properties of nanomaterials such as high electrical conductivity, better shock tolerance,  and sensitive responses such as versatile piezo-electric and color detection mechanisms are only results of the multitude of properties of nanomaterials.  Different types of biosensors are propagated based on different types of nanomaterials and their developmental and implicit aspects. Measurement of biological responses  has assumed great importance  in the current scenario of ever-dynamic environmental developments and altered hemostatic events occurring at the  in vivo  as well as  intracorporeal level  .  Analyzing the behavior of changing materials is of great importance in areas such as pharmaceutical diagnostics, food quality screening, and environmental applications.

Note: In the construction of electrochemical nano-biosensors, the minimum parts used in a biosensor are: layer recognition molecular and signal transducer that can transmit this signal to a device (device readout). Are connected.DNA is usually a good tool as a biosensor because the base-pairing reaction between complementary play sequences is both specific and stable. In this case, the single-stranded probe DNA is immobilized on the detection layer and then reacts with the probe on the surface by pairing the target DNA. The duplication and uniqueness of DNA structures determines their accumulation on the surface. It is on  this surface that the target DNA is captured and a signal is generated. Therefore, immobilizing the nucleic acid of the probe  while maintaining its initial adhesion strength is important for detecting target DNA. But how this diagnostic procedure  is measured depends on the method of the transduction signal, which may be optical, mechanical, or  electrochemical.Optical biosensors based on fluorescent light have features. These types of biosensors are sensitive to molecules per square centimeter. They are made up of rows that are که so that their detection limit is made up of almost  thousands of probes. Because the tools in this field (fluorescence biosensor) are complex and expensive . Gene chips technology is more suitable for laboratory work. Gene chips are appropriate in cases where a lot of work needs  to be done at the same time, such as profiling transcriptional examination or discovery of single nucleotide polymorphism, but clinical diagnoses usually require the collection of this large amount of data. What is important for molecular detection is capability Ensure recognition as well as generality regardless of the order of the game. Therefore, gene chips are not preferred for clinical diagnosis for  reasons such as: they are expensive and the device is complex. Also, for other specific reasons, reading accuracy is  reduced. Another method for measuring the signal optically is the Resonance Plamon Surface method. In this method, the refractive index of a thin metal film substrate is changed, which is due to the adsorption of  analyte and is suitable for detecting the target in cases where the house is a groove groove. Because  in this way we can achieve the target molecule where the detection limit, causing the signal to the hybridization signal  strengthened. This can be done by increasing the amount of material that is on the surface of the film before or after attaching toIncreased target DNA. The resonant Plus surface method (SPR) is similar to the expensive and complex fluorescence method, which is why it is so expensive and complex that it is used more for research than for routine diagnostic work  ; One method of measuring the signal by light, which is very clear, is the light reading method, in which single-stranded DNAs  are labeled with gold nanoparticles, which easily change color due to hybridization in the order of the target game . Using silver staining, DNA analysis can be performed with this optical method on very small plates with high sensitivity  . Although the use of gold nanoparticles may be expensive, but this method has the necessary sensitivity and simplicity for clinical diagnoses.

Note: Examining the band gap structure of nanoelectronic devices, in addition to introducing a method for researching the performance of one-dimensional systems, has made it possible to improve the electrical-optical properties of electronic components.Devices based on organic materials can be mechanically flexible to a large extent because of the loose intermolecular bonds in the nano-electrons created from them. Unlike these organic materials, minerals such as silicon, germanium, and gallium arsenide can be used in the structure of electronic devices only in crystalline states, and in this case, covalent bonds make flexibility impossible in them. Makes. Properties such as strength, flexibility, electrical conductivity, magnetic properties, color, reactivity, etc. Starting to change the properties of the material by shrinking it depends more than anything on the type of material and the desired property. For example, by reducing the dimensions of a material, generally some mechanical properties of the material such as strength are improved. This increase in strength does not happen only in the range of a few nanometers, and the strength of materials of several tens and even hundreds of nanometers may be much higher than the large-scale mass material. On the other hand, the change of some properties such as color and magnetic properties may occur in dimensions of only a few nanometers.

Note: Signal measurement Electrochemical methods are very suitable for detecting direct DNA oxidation because electrochemical reactions directly generate  electronic signals and therefore do not require expensive converters.In addition, in this process, because the order of the immobilized game  can be limited to only a series of electrode substrates, the act of tracking is performed by a series of inexpensive electrochemical analyzes. Electrochemical sensors are used to perform clinical or environmental tests;  The basis of the sensitivity of electrochemical signals to direct oxidation or interval catalysis of DNA is also based on the reduction reactions of reporter molecules or enzymes. Various methods are used to measure the  signal electrochemically. The basis of signal measurement in direct DNA electrochemistry is based on the oxidation reaction and DNA reduction in a mercury electrode, so the amount of oxidized and reduced DNA is proportional to the amount of DNA that is hybridized with the probe. In addition to the old methods of direct DNA reduction, a method called Stripping Adsorption Voltammetry is used for direct oxidation of DNA, which is a very sensitive method. In the direct electrochemical method, purine is oxidized by materials such as carbon, indiomethin oxide (ITO), gold, and polymer-coated electrodes. Although the direct electrochemical method is a very sensitive method, its application is complex because  for direct oxidation of DNA, a high potential ground current is required. Advanced mathematical and numerical methods are also  needed to measure each signal. Of course, new methods have been designed to eliminate the interference that occurs in the field with the help  of physical methods.