Note: Diamond is made of only one element found in nature, carbon. Diamond has a very dense atomic network, which makes it very hard, or in other words, the hardest crystallized material on the planet. The chemical formula of diamond is pure carbon  (C)  , but detailed investigations show that 95.99% of it is carbon and the rest is chemical impurities, which can affect the color of a diamond.Carbon nano has many uses in nanoscience and nanoelectronics.  Carbon is one of the amazing elements of nature, which is found in four different forms of graphite, diamond, coal and other forms of carbon in nature.  All these four forms are solid and in their structure, carbon atoms are completely and regularly placed next to each other.  Carbon is one of the most important elements in nature, and its many uses in human life confirm this point well. For example,  steel - which is one of the main engineering alloys - is obtained from the dissolution of about two percent of carbon in iron; Different types of steel can be obtained by changing the carbon percentage  by only a few hundred percent. "Organic chemistry" is also a science that investigates compounds containing "carbon" and  "hydrogen" and polymer engineering is based only on the carbon element. Carbon is found in four different forms in nature  , all of these four forms are solid, and in their structure, carbon atoms are placed next to each other in a completely regular manner.

Note: The first fullerene discovered was Bucky Ball;   The most properties that are expressed about fullerenes are related to these two types C70 and C60 .Fullerenes are nanometer-sized molecules that, in their simplest form,  form 60 carbon atoms of a graphite layer with a three-dimensional structure.  60 Unlike diamond and graphite, whose molecules are continuous, fullerenes are closed molecules: they are like C60 and... (60) fullerenes, which are also called buckyball and buckytube, include nanotubes, nanofibers, fullerene has a structure similar to graphite, but instead of completely hexagonal parts, carbon atoms  are placed in the vertices of the 5th or 7th polygons. 

Note: Graphene has certain electrical properties that make it a promising candidate for future nanoelectronics. While graphene, a single-dimensional carbon layer, is a conductive material, it can be converted into a semiconductor as a nanowire. This means that it has enough energy or a band gap in which there is no electron mode - it can be turned on and off, and therefore may become a major component of nanotransistors.The role of graphene nano-plates (GA) in the construction of Nano Transistors as  an electric field generated by the gate electrode controls the current generated by the two electrodes source and drain. The drain current is modulated by changing the density of the charge carriers in the two-dimensional transmission channel. In the nanotransistor, the effect of a multi-layer Si graphene field is modulated by a three-dimensional transmission channel with a three-dimensional transmission channel thicknessn the circuit diagram of a multilayer GA graphene field effect nanotransistor, the two source and drain electrodes are connected directly to the semiconductor, while the gate electrode is capacitively connected to the semiconductor using a dielectric gate.

Note: In the structure ( nanotransistors) of Nano transistors, the electronic quantity that is more easily availableis the ionization potential, and in the ionization potential in the size  of small nanostructures (smaller particles) is more, ie with increasing particle size, their ionization potential decreases. Finds.Increasing the surface-to- volume ratio and  changes in electronic geometry and structure have a strong effect on the chemical interactions of matter, and for example the activity of small particles  changes with the number of atoms (and therefore the particle size). Unlike today's nanotransistors, which behave based on the mass motion of electrons in matter, new devices follow the phenomena of nanoscale quantum mechanics in which the discrete nature of the electron can no longer be ignored. By shrinking all the horizontal and vertical dimensions of the transistor, the electric charge density in the various regions of the nanotransistor  increases, or in other words, the number of electrical charges per unit area of the nanotransistor increases.

Note: Strings and micro cylinders of structured  nanowires  (silicon/germanium)  are used for possible applications in energy, electronics, optics and other fields.Nanowires  (Si Silicon / Germanium Gi)  , narrow structures whose diameter is only a few billionths of a meter but thousands or millions of times longer.  They exist in various forms—made of metals, semiconductors, insulators, and organic compounds—and are used for applications in the fields of electronics, energy conversion, optics, and chemical sensing. Because of their extreme thinness, nanowires  with the (Si Silicon / Germanium Gi) structure  are essentially one-dimensional. Nanowires  are quasi-one-dimensional materials, "their two dimensions are on the nanometer scale."  This one-dimensionality confers distinct electrical and optical properties. For one thing, this means that the electrons and photons in these nanowires experience "confined quantum effects." However  , unlike other materials that produce such quantum effects, such as quantum dots, the length of nanowires allows them to communicate with other macroscopic devices and the outside world.

Note: The use of audio signals to identify molecular activity (interaction) or (active orbit) is attractive. In nanocommunication and interaction with electronic nanoparticles based on carbon nanotubes, the sensitivity of signal recognition may be increased through the production of controllable noise.These carbon nanotube-based nanocommunications show that it is possible to identify individual molecules through their unique noise particles in current nanocommunication signals. Improved knowledge of molecular origin and interaction with electronic nanoparticles based on noise nanotubes should lead to the development of electronics that use noise to improve their performance instead of destroying it. Regarding  the communication structure between two nanoparticles through chemical signaling,  their measurement performance requires that they be placed in  an environment from which parameters must be measured, and the  area covered by a nanoparticle is limited to the environment.  Is around it. This is while a network of nanoparticles communicates It can cover a wider area and perform more network processing  . In addition, there are several nanocommunication technologies that  require the use of external excitation and measurement to work.  Wireless communication between the nano-network and micro and macro devices and equipment can  meet this need.

Note: In this technique, a thin plate with designed apertures, called a stencil mask, is placed adjacent to the substrate and used in combination with material evaporation. be. Evaporated material stops at the upper surface of the stencil mask, except in the openings. So the material grows with specific patterns determined by the stencil mask.Using appropriate stencil masks, nanopatterned materials can be grown at wafer scale in one shot. Resolution down to 20 nm has been achieved and can be used on non-conventional substrates such as rope , but this technique suffers from some problems related to deposition. Shade under the stencil mask tolerates lifetime issues due to stencil mask deterioration caused by material depositing at the edge of the holes, eventually blocking them (occlusion effect). Advances such as the use of dynamic stencil masks have increased the range of applications of this technique.

Note:  In nanoscience and nanoelectronics, the structure of materials calculations, fracture toughness or fracture toughness is a property that describes the resistance that objects with cracks show against fracture  . This parameter is important for all solids design applications and is represented by KIc. Fracture toughness  is a calculation method for brittle failure when cracks are present in the material. If the fracture toughness of a material is low, that material will break brittle, and  the higher the fracture toughness, the higher the probability of soft fracture.Temperature is the most important difference between gas and solid source based methods. In CCVD, low temperature is usually used and nanotubes  are grown at a temperature below 0111 degrees. More than one mechanism can be involved in the growth of carbon nanotubes depending on the type of gaseous precursor, the catalyst used and the operating parameters  . The mechanism of dissolution-infiltration-precipitation is one of the most common, which mostly prevails in low temperature methods. In this  mechanism, catalytic nanoparticles of metal alloys or transition metals (such as nickel, iron and cobalt) are considered spherical or floating on the surface of the substrate  . Hydrocarbon vapor (such as CO, CH4, C2H2, C2H4 and C2H6) (when It makes contact with the hot particles of the catalyst,  decomposes into carbon and hydrogen, and the carbon penetrates into the substrate metal.

Note: In nanoelectronics, surface plasmon intensification is the coordinated and cumulative oscillations of metal electrons that are excited by radiation.In electronic science, the topic of nano revolves around (nano memories, nano chips and fast nano chips and nano electronic components) with less weight and more efficiency.  Nanotechnology, knowledge, engineering and technology on a nano scale, or in other words, studying the application of very small objects and their use in all fields of science such as chemistry, biology, electronics; Material science and engineering. The history of nanotechnology describes the development of concepts and experimental work done in the field of nanotechnology. Although nanotechnology is one of the recent advances in scientific research, the development of its fundamental concepts has taken place over a long period of time. The condition of oscillation is that the frequency of the photons of the radiated beam becomes the same as the natural frequency of the surface electrons (which is to overcome the central nuclear force). The resonance of surface plasmons in structures with nanometer dimensions is called Localized Surface Plasmon Resonance. Localized surface plasmons are non-emissive excitation of conduction band electrons of metal nanostructures to which an electromagnetic field is coupled. Plasmonic waves are generated by using the scattering problem from a conductive nanoparticle whose dimensions are below the wavelength of the electromagnetic field of the excitation beam. These nanostructures consist of metal and dielectric, whose dimensions are below the excitation wavelength (the wavelength of the radiation that causes the excitation of plasmonic waves). Plasmonic is based on the process of interaction between electromagnetic waves and conduction electrons in metals with nano dimensions.  Analytically, the reason is the rapid drop in the energy of electrons passing through metals, and it was concluded that this energy is spent on the cumulative movement and oscillation of the free electrons of the metal and called it plasmon.

Note: Carbon nanotubes have many uses in nanoscience and nanoelectronics. Carbon is one of the amazing elements of nature that can be found in nature in four different forms: graphite, diamond, nanotubes and buckyballs. All these four forms are solid and in their structure, carbon atoms are completely and regularly placed next to each other.Carbon is one of the most important elements in nature, and its many uses in human life confirm this point well. For example,  steel - which is one of the main engineering alloys - is obtained from the dissolution of about two percent of carbon in iron; Different types of steel can be obtained by changing the carbon percentage  by only a few hundred percent. "Organic chemistry" is also a science that examines compounds containing "carbon" and  "hydrogen" and polymer engineering is based only on the carbon element. Carbon is found in four different forms in nature,  all of these four forms are solid, and in their structure, carbon atoms are placed next to each other in a completely regular manner.These structures  are:01. Graphite02. Diamond03. (bucky wings) like C6004. NanotubesGraphite is one of the most important carbon structures in nature, and it is formed by placing six carbon atoms next to each other. These  carbon atoms are combined with each other in such a way that they create a regular hexagon and from their sum, a sheet is obtained which is considered as  a (graphite layer).

Note:  Since material parameters change significantly with frequency.  In particular, this means that model experiments with, for example, microwaves and larger metallic structures cannot replace experiments with metallic nanostructures at optical frequencies.Surface charge density fluctuations associated with surface nanoplasmons at the interface between a metal and a dielectric can cause strongly enhanced near-optical fields that are spatially confined near the metal surface.  Similarly, if the electron gas is confined in three dimensions, such as a small particle, the overall displacement of the electrons relative to the positively charged lattice leads to a restoring force, which in turn gives rise to the specific particle-plasmon. Resonance depends on the geometry of the particle.  In properly shaped (usually pointed) particles, localized charge accumulation associated with strongly enhanced optical fields can occur. The change of some properties such as conductivity in nanotransistors and electromagnetic properties in nanowires may occur in dimensions of only a few nanometers. Surface plasmon intensification in structures with nanometer dimensions is called local surface plasmon intensification. Patterning magnetic materials into arrays of nanoscale dots can result in a very strong and very controllable change in the polarization of light when a beam is reflected from the array.  This discovery can increase the sensitivity of optical components for telecommunication and biosensing applications. Coupling between light and magnetism in  electrical nanostructures of localized surface plasmons (Localized Surface Plasmon) results from quantum electronic nano interactions.  These interactions lead to magneto-optical effects that change properties, such as the polarization axis or intensity of light.  Interactions between light and matter are enhanced at the nanoscale.  This is a key motivation in the field of plasmonics, which leads to the construction of nanoelectronic devices based on the interaction of light with metal nanostructures. In the structure of electrical nanostructures of localized surface plasmons (Localized Surface Plasmon), a metal nanoparticle in nano size acts very much like an antenna for visible wavelengths.  Such antennas for us in many everyday devices that operate on much longer radio and microwaves   use a phenomenon called surface lattice resonance, in which all nanoparticles, tiny antennas, are coordinated in a The array radiates.The key to this is the assembly of magnetic nanoantennas on a length scale that matches the wavelength of the incoming light. In periodic arrays, nanoparticles strongly interact with each other and cause collective oscillations.  Such behavior is already observed in metal nanoparticles.Since the material parameters change significantly with frequency.  In particular, this means that model experiments with, for example, microwaves and larger metallic structures cannot replace experiments with metallic nanostructures at optical frequencies.

Note: Theory, modeling and simulation  are widely used as a predictive design tool in the reproduction and manufacturing of dynamic molecules of SWCNT nanotubes and SWCNTs.General methods capable of multi-scale/multi-phenomenon molecular simulations will be developed for the design of SWCNT and SWCNTs  nanotubes  and new nanoscale systems and tools. Dynamic nanomolecular simulations will help in various fields such as biosensors, filter design, as well as identifying the dynamics of complex systems of single-layer and multi-layer nanotubes  .The aim of  the simulation methodology in the molecular nanodynamics of nanotubes  is to intervene in the arrangement of atoms or molecules and to use materials and systems with new abilities and  new tasks, which are all the result of the specific multiplication of molecules and particles. Nano is a device with small dimensions and nano structure.Deterministic molecular dynamics simulation: is a method used to  calculate the path of movement of atoms or molecules in multi-atom systems of more than ten atoms to several  billion atoms.Monte Carlo simulation (Stochastic): It is a numerical method that tries to reach the final equilibrium state of the system by sampling the nanomolecular state space with  importance. Based on probabilities, this method brings the configuration of the investigated system close to the minimum energy condition .Initio Ab molecular dynamics:  Initio Ab molecular dynamics or quantum molecular  dynamics performs the movement path of the atomic system by solving the Schrödinger equations and obtaining  information on the subatomic scale.