Note: In the electrical structure of hybridization (metal nanotube), the reaction with hydrogen and fluorine gas, by entering  SP3, turns the hybridization structure of metal nanotube into a semiconductor. These reactions sometimes destroy the walls of nanotubes and lead to the formation of amorphous carbon or graphite layered structures. By hydrogenation of single-walled nanotubes, the semiconducting nature of SWCNTs increases at room temperature. Strong plasma or reaction at high temperature causes the wall of metal nanotubes to be etched.  that semiconductor SWCNTs are not damaged.  Therefore, it is very important to control the reaction conditions.  In nanotubes, the reaction with methane plasma  removes metal SWCNTs without destroying  semiconductor SWCNTs. In  the method of using  nanomolecular soft hydrogen plasma, in which  hydrogen plasma is used to convert metal SWCNTs into  semiconducting SWCNTs, and in  this case, the walls of the nanotubes  are not destroyed or etched.  These reactions, which are carried out in the gas phase,  cause in-situ and high-scale fabrication of TFTS and  FETS with semiconductor nanotubes,  which is very important for the commercialization of high-efficiency devices  based on nanotubes.  By choosing suitable reactive gases, this  method can also be used for selective reactivity with  semiconductor nanotubes.  by reacting SWCNTs SO3 as  under neutral gas in the presence of gas; Reactive gas inside the furnace at 400 C◦ temperature, semiconductor nanotubes  are preferred  with reactive gas . After that, the nanotube is heated to a temperature of 900°C  to restore the metal nanotubes  with structural defects. This process  is a simple way to enrich the nanotube sample from  metal nanotubes. The mass production of metal nanotubes  can be done with a more precise control of the reaction conditions  and finally increase the  production scale of its uses, including conductive films and  transparent electrodes.

Note:  ( endohedral nanostructures)  means a natural, accidental or manufactured substance containing particles, in an unconfined state or as an aggregate or as agglomerate and where for 50% or more of the particles in the number size distribution, One or more external dimensions in the size range 1 nm - 100 nm in certain cases and in cases where, the size distribution threshold may be replaced by a threshold between nanoparticles of the material.Inferring from the above,  nanostructures  with one or more external dimensions less than 1 nm should be considered as vital tools in nanoelectronics. ( endohedral nanostructures)  that react naturally. or produced as a by-product of combustion (unintentional) from combustion processes. They are usually physically and chemically heterogeneous and are often called porous particles. On the other hand,  (  endohedral nanostructures)  which  are produced and designed from multiple structures with physical and electronic purposes for a specific purpose or function. The important feature of all  ( endohedral nanostructures)  is summarized in the fact that the number of atoms (surface) in them is more than the number of atoms (volume). This ratio increases with decreasing size (nanoparticle). Therefore, the size of the nanoparticle is considered its most important feature. The shapes and sizes  ( endohedral nanostructures)  are naturally determined based on the composition and conditions of their formation. The characteristics  of  ( endohedral nanostructures)  in turn  determine the originality of the nanostructure characteristics and their possible fields of operation. The range from 1 to 1000 nm  is introduced  as the range of  ( endohedral nanostructures) .

Note: One of the catalyst systems is nano-reactors. One of the applications of nano-reactors is the electronic conductivity of porous materials smaller than  011 nm.Nano-reactors are very diverse. Simple or complex, organic and inorganic materials with electrical conductivity, volume, and tissue cavity are used as nano-reactors. Unlike micro-reactors, the reaction space inside the nanoreactors greatly affects the mobility and interactions between the molecules inside it. So the nano-reactor is not just a simple storage container and plays an important role in  the electrochemical process. Nano-reactors are relatively new materials, but in nature, nano-reactors have long been used in processes. Electrochemical reactions in confined spaces with nanometer dimensions and micrometer volumes result in changes in the kinetics and direction of the whole  process. To such confined spaces used for specific electrochemical reactions, a nano-reactor they say . Nano-reactors are very small nanometer-sized chambers that have the potential to improve electrochemical conversions by protecting catalysts from environmental impacts  as well as encapsulating reactors and catalysts in a small space for a long time  . In fact, nanoreactors are porous materials, one of which is nanoscale.

Note:  In aerospace, carbon nanotubes can be used in the formation of airplane wings and projectiles.  Nanotubes are used in combination to bend in response to the application of electrical voltage.

Note: Diamond is made of only one element found in nature, carbon. Diamond has a very dense atomic network, which makes it very hard, or in other words, the hardest crystallized material on the planet. The chemical formula of diamond is pure carbon  (C)  , but detailed investigations show that 95.99% of it is carbon and the rest is chemical impurities, which can affect the color of a diamond.Carbon nano has many uses in nanoscience and nanoelectronics.  Carbon is one of the amazing elements of nature, which is found in four different forms of graphite, diamond, coal and other forms of carbon in nature.  All these four forms are solid and in their structure, carbon atoms are completely and regularly placed next to each other.  Carbon is one of the most important elements in nature, and its many uses in human life confirm this point well. For example,  steel - which is one of the main engineering alloys - is obtained from the dissolution of about two percent of carbon in iron; Different types of steel can be obtained by changing the carbon percentage  by only a few hundred percent. "Organic chemistry" is also a science that investigates compounds containing "carbon" and  "hydrogen" and polymer engineering is based only on the carbon element. Carbon is found in four different forms in nature  , all of these four forms are solid, and in their structure, carbon atoms are placed next to each other in a completely regular manner.

Note: The first fullerene discovered was Bucky Ball;   The most properties that are expressed about fullerenes are related to these two types C70 and C60 .Fullerenes are nanometer-sized molecules that, in their simplest form,  form 60 carbon atoms of a graphite layer with a three-dimensional structure.  60 Unlike diamond and graphite, whose molecules are continuous, fullerenes are closed molecules: they are like C60 and... (60) fullerenes, which are also called buckyball and buckytube, include nanotubes, nanofibers, fullerene has a structure similar to graphite, but instead of completely hexagonal parts, carbon atoms  are placed in the vertices of the 5th or 7th polygons. 

Note: Graphene has certain electrical properties that make it a promising candidate for future nanoelectronics. While graphene, a single-dimensional carbon layer, is a conductive material, it can be converted into a semiconductor as a nanowire. This means that it has enough energy or a band gap in which there is no electron mode - it can be turned on and off, and therefore may become a major component of nanotransistors.The role of graphene nano-plates (GA) in the construction of Nano Transistors as  an electric field generated by the gate electrode controls the current generated by the two electrodes source and drain. The drain current is modulated by changing the density of the charge carriers in the two-dimensional transmission channel. In the nanotransistor, the effect of a multi-layer Si graphene field is modulated by a three-dimensional transmission channel with a three-dimensional transmission channel thicknessn the circuit diagram of a multilayer GA graphene field effect nanotransistor, the two source and drain electrodes are connected directly to the semiconductor, while the gate electrode is capacitively connected to the semiconductor using a dielectric gate.

Note: In the structure ( nanotransistors) of Nano transistors, the electronic quantity that is more easily availableis the ionization potential, and in the ionization potential in the size  of small nanostructures (smaller particles) is more, ie with increasing particle size, their ionization potential decreases. Finds.Increasing the surface-to- volume ratio and  changes in electronic geometry and structure have a strong effect on the chemical interactions of matter, and for example the activity of small particles  changes with the number of atoms (and therefore the particle size). Unlike today's nanotransistors, which behave based on the mass motion of electrons in matter, new devices follow the phenomena of nanoscale quantum mechanics in which the discrete nature of the electron can no longer be ignored. By shrinking all the horizontal and vertical dimensions of the transistor, the electric charge density in the various regions of the nanotransistor  increases, or in other words, the number of electrical charges per unit area of the nanotransistor increases.

Note: Strings and micro cylinders of structured  nanowires  (silicon/germanium)  are used for possible applications in energy, electronics, optics and other fields.Nanowires  (Si Silicon / Germanium Gi)  , narrow structures whose diameter is only a few billionths of a meter but thousands or millions of times longer.  They exist in various forms—made of metals, semiconductors, insulators, and organic compounds—and are used for applications in the fields of electronics, energy conversion, optics, and chemical sensing. Because of their extreme thinness, nanowires  with the (Si Silicon / Germanium Gi) structure  are essentially one-dimensional. Nanowires  are quasi-one-dimensional materials, "their two dimensions are on the nanometer scale."  This one-dimensionality confers distinct electrical and optical properties. For one thing, this means that the electrons and photons in these nanowires experience "confined quantum effects." However  , unlike other materials that produce such quantum effects, such as quantum dots, the length of nanowires allows them to communicate with other macroscopic devices and the outside world.

Note: The use of audio signals to identify molecular activity (interaction) or (active orbit) is attractive. In nanocommunication and interaction with electronic nanoparticles based on carbon nanotubes, the sensitivity of signal recognition may be increased through the production of controllable noise.These carbon nanotube-based nanocommunications show that it is possible to identify individual molecules through their unique noise particles in current nanocommunication signals. Improved knowledge of molecular origin and interaction with electronic nanoparticles based on noise nanotubes should lead to the development of electronics that use noise to improve their performance instead of destroying it. Regarding  the communication structure between two nanoparticles through chemical signaling,  their measurement performance requires that they be placed in  an environment from which parameters must be measured, and the  area covered by a nanoparticle is limited to the environment.  Is around it. This is while a network of nanoparticles communicates It can cover a wider area and perform more network processing  . In addition, there are several nanocommunication technologies that  require the use of external excitation and measurement to work.  Wireless communication between the nano-network and micro and macro devices and equipment can  meet this need.

Note: In this technique, a thin plate with designed apertures, called a stencil mask, is placed adjacent to the substrate and used in combination with material evaporation. be. Evaporated material stops at the upper surface of the stencil mask, except in the openings. So the material grows with specific patterns determined by the stencil mask.Using appropriate stencil masks, nanopatterned materials can be grown at wafer scale in one shot. Resolution down to 20 nm has been achieved and can be used on non-conventional substrates such as rope , but this technique suffers from some problems related to deposition. Shade under the stencil mask tolerates lifetime issues due to stencil mask deterioration caused by material depositing at the edge of the holes, eventually blocking them (occlusion effect). Advances such as the use of dynamic stencil masks have increased the range of applications of this technique.

Note:  In nanoscience and nanoelectronics, the structure of materials calculations, fracture toughness or fracture toughness is a property that describes the resistance that objects with cracks show against fracture  . This parameter is important for all solids design applications and is represented by KIc. Fracture toughness  is a calculation method for brittle failure when cracks are present in the material. If the fracture toughness of a material is low, that material will break brittle, and  the higher the fracture toughness, the higher the probability of soft fracture.Temperature is the most important difference between gas and solid source based methods. In CCVD, low temperature is usually used and nanotubes  are grown at a temperature below 0111 degrees. More than one mechanism can be involved in the growth of carbon nanotubes depending on the type of gaseous precursor, the catalyst used and the operating parameters  . The mechanism of dissolution-infiltration-precipitation is one of the most common, which mostly prevails in low temperature methods. In this  mechanism, catalytic nanoparticles of metal alloys or transition metals (such as nickel, iron and cobalt) are considered spherical or floating on the surface of the substrate  . Hydrocarbon vapor (such as CO, CH4, C2H2, C2H4 and C2H6) (when It makes contact with the hot particles of the catalyst,  decomposes into carbon and hydrogen, and the carbon penetrates into the substrate metal.