Note:  Telecommunication theories play a special role in the modeling, analysis and design of molecular nanocommunication systems.A nano network is a nano scale communication network between nano devices.  Nano devices  face special challenges in performance  due to limitations in power management processing ability .  Therefore, these devices are expected to perform simple tasks that require different and new approaches. In the molecular communication system, the transmitter sends information through chemical molecules called information molecules, and after it is released in the environment, it is received and decoded by the communication receiver.

Note: It should be mentioned that Rectna  has been studied in recent years, especially in the matter of power transmission in the microwave band. For example, in theory,  for a single frequency of 9.2 GHz, more than 10% efficiency is predicted  .Of course, this is the fact that the practical efficiency of making these materials may  be slightly different and should be determined in practice. The dipole antenna with  linear polarization and 2/λ length, which has a relative bandwidth of 11%,  will be able to collect about pW 75.2. For this reason, if  using an antenna with double polarization, the power of pW 5.5 will be obtained. Due  to the low reception power of each independent antenna, it is customary to use antenna arrays  in this cell, which has its own rules and methods .

Note: When the liquid passes through coils of single-walled carbon nanotubes, an electric voltage is created. This technique   is used to make liquid flow sensors to detect very small amounts of liquids and also to generate voltage in nano biosensors applications  . Also, conductive nanotubes with high ionic strength produce more voltage  .Nanotubes have a very high surface density, which makes the nanotubes strong. It can be said that this property appears due to their remarkable smallness.

Note: Electrically conductive graphene nanostrips  in the structure of multi-layer and single-layer nanotubes  show signs of ballistic transport  . Although the electrical conductivity of graphene  obtained by electrochemical methods is not as good as that of perfect graphene,  it is still  a suitable  option for the production of electrically conductive  graphene nanoribbons .SWCNTs inside the carbon nanotubes are mixed with graphene conductive fillers  to obtain  conductive materials  that are light in weight and have a minimum electrical resistance of less than 105 m/Ω. These  graphene nanoribbons show a non-linear   increase  in the amount of electrical conductivity that this increase is a function of the amount of the reinforcing phase. At a certain value  of the nanoparticle, which is known as the permeability threshold, the nanoparticle  has the ability to form a network structure. This causes a sudden increase  in electrical conductivity of  graphene nanoribbons  inside CNTs carbon nanotubes.

Note: All electrochemical nano biosensors that have a molecular base depend on a very specific system to detect or track their target molecule. The importance of an electrochemical nanobiosensor is to provide a suitable support for connecting the target molecule to the probe and creating an electrical signal that can be measured and read.In the building of electrochemical biosensors, the minimum parts that are used in a biosensor are: molecular recognition layer and signal transducer which can be connected to a measuring device (device readout) of these signals. DNA is usually a suitable tool as a biosensor because the base pairing reaction between complementary sequences is both specific and stable. In this case, single-stranded probe DNA is immobilized on the detection layer, and then the target DNA reacts with the probe on the surface by pairing. The repetitiveness and unity of DNA structures makes their accumulation on the surface very specific. It is on  this surface that the target DNA is taken and the signal is created. Therefore, it is important to immobilize the nucleic acid of the probe while  maintaining its initial adhesion strength to detect the target DNA. But how this  diagnostic process is measured depends on the method of signal transduction, which may  be optical, mechanical, or electrochemical. Optical bisensors that work based on fluorescence light have some characteristics. These types of biosensors are sensitive to molecules per square centimeter. They consist of 7 rows, so that their detection limit  is almost made of thousands of probes.

Note: Since nano antennas have the ability to absorb a wide angle, even in the case of oblique solar radiation to the surface of the solar panel, their efficiency is up to a significant limit is maintained. This system can also transmit the energy radiated from the earth or the terrestrial radiation that is caused by the sun's daily radiation to the earth's surface and in wavelengths <10 micrometers. /span> , i.e. absorb frequencies around 90 terahertz.That's why the reason for the nano antennas of the solar rectna system is to collect these radiations duringat night or in bad weather conditions. can generate electrical energy. Currently, the diode and antenna structures used in solar rectenna using They are made by electronic sketching method. Although this construction method is expensive and time-consuming to produce in laboratory and research scales, but if these structures are produced in a large volume and with the appropriate method , they reduce the cost and speed in the manufacturing process. The surface of the nano-antenna is created, and as a result, a voltage is produced at the place of its feeding gap.

Note: Magnetic water is generally water that passes through a magnetic field created based on specific calculations, and therefore the water changes, improving its physical and chemical properties. Magnetic system can treat water salinity.

Note:  Architecture optimization of traditional multi-element and multi-technological optical circuits is possible using the unique optical behavior of nano-optics, integrated "self-integration" can be achieved by layering one over the other to create overall optical effects. broughtSpatial integration can be achieved by organizing different optical functions into an array structure through repeating nanopatterns. Composite integration is achieved by adding a nano-optical layer(s) to functional optical materials.

Note: In nanotechnology, from modern techniques of molecular simulation to a general framework for the interpretation of AFM images, especially  the analysis of atomic mechanisms that determine the force changes that the microscope measures and the contrast of the image, producesThe recent advent of high-resolution imaging and force spectroscopy using atomic force microscopy (AFM) in organic and inorganic solutions opens the way to imaging a wide variety of surfaces and their solvent structure.  However, to take full advantage of the high resolution and provide significant new analytical capability, a detailed understanding of the background contrast mechanisms that lead to atomic and molecular resolution is critical.  Without a theory that connects the measured force to atomic models of the surface and tip of the microscope, the information that can be distilled from these measurements is limited. Molecular dynamics simulations show that the forces acting on the microscope tip result from the direct interaction between a tip and a surface and are entirely due to the structure of water around the tip and surface.  The observed force depends on a tip structure, and the balance is between the mainly repulsive potential energy changes as the tip approaches the surface and the entropic increase, which is sterically prevented from occupying sites near the tip and the water surface.  Understanding the interplay of these various components that contribute to the force of microscopy measurements is critical to the interpretation of high-resolution images of solution interfaces.

Note: Normally, the laser beam is continuously exited from the optical chamber of the nano laser, the output power of cw nano lasers has a wide range. Liquid and ion nano lasers are examples of continuum lasers. This range includes milliwatts like nano lasers for optical communication to several microwatts (3 to 5 microwatts) like nano lasers used in military industries.The output of nano laser is a type of light that is placed in different parts of the spectrum of electromagnetic waves according to the active environment of nano laser. Wavelength is one of the most important properties of waves, which has an inverse relationship with energy. Therefore, different waves can be displayed as a spectrum of electromagnetic waves.

Note: The carbon atoms of a graphitic sheet (graphene) form a planar lattice network, where each atom is connected to three neighboring atoms through a strong chemical bond. Because of these strong bonds, the elastic modulus of graphite base is one of the largest known materials.For this reason, CNTs are final fibers with high strength. SWNTs are harder than steel and are highly resistant to damage from physical forces. Pressing on the tip of the nanotube causes it to bend, but without damaging the tip. When the force is removed, the tip returns to its original position.

Note: The division is based on the wavelength of the output beam and the wavelength of the output beam of the wide range nano laser. According to this and the wavelength, the types of nano lasers include infrared, visible and ultraviolet lasers, for example, the nano laser  produces a beam with a wavelength of about 858.32 X-rays, the wavelength of a solid nano laser is between 9.6 and 10.6 It is a micrometer. This is because the wavelength of liquid lasers are in the infrared and ultraviolet regions, respectively.Nano lasers work on length scales 1000 times smaller than the thickness of a human hair. The lifetime of the light captured in such small dimensions is so short that the light wave has only a few tens or hundreds of times to move up and down. Nanolasers  open new perspectives for on-chip coherent light sources such as lasers that are extremely small and ultrafast. The performance of nano lasers is based on fast conducting nanoparticles such as silver arranged in a periodic array. Unlike conventional lasers, where laser signal feedback is provided by conventional mirrors, nanolasers use radiative coupling between fast conducting nanoparticles such as silver. These 100 nm particles act as small antennas.To produce high-intensity laser light, the distance between the particles is matched to the laser wavelength so that all the particles in the array are irradiated in unison. Fluorescent organic molecules are used to provide the input energy (gain) required for nano lasers.