Note: Fabrication of arrays of vertically aligned cobalt nanowires on flat surfaces and field emission (FE) using them as electron cathodes is used.These arrays are obtained by electrodeposition in the form of nanoparticles on Au/Ti/Si substrates at very low temperature (<100°C).  After pattern removal, the arrays consist of structurally upright nanowires with high aspect ratios, uniform dimensions, and predetermined densities.  Electron field emission measurements of metallic properties and propagation of cobalt nanowires.

Note: Silicon wafer substrates can be used for sample substrates, micro-fabrication, substrate for nanowires or biological substrates.Useful flat bed of particles Silicone wafers bonded with nanowires and  for applications Biologically, Si (silicon wafer) has properties similar to glass and can be used to mount or grow particles of nanowires. It can be easily wiped or used as a whole wafer for nanowire reproduction.Silicon nanowire arrays or SiNWs are vertical arrays of nanowires. The silicon wafers are flat on the crystalline silicon wafer substrate. These nanowires are made by a catalytic oxidation and dissolution of Si in the presence of metal catalyst nanoparticles - a self-organized process commonly referred to as a metal-chemically assisted process. /span> For nanoelectronics applications, it is an ideal sample substrate for small nanoscale particles due to its low background signal and highly polished surface. are known. , silicon resembles glass, and this makes it a suitable support for the growth and/or nanoparticle mounting of nanowires. Silicone wafers.

Note:   Nano biochip electrical nano biochips in identifying and decoding (RNA _ DNA)  the biggest advantage of DNA arrays is its high speed and power, and they are useful in various genomic applications, including single ones,  especially  Nano electrical nano biochips biochips are used in the identification and decoding of functional (RNA _ DNA)  to investigate basic biological characteristics such as investigating the interaction of proteins with other ligands such as proteins, peptides, lipids or other molecules.  The most common application of  electric nano biochips Nano biochip in identification and decoding (RNA _ DNA)  through comprehensive profiling of cells  are able to perform various types of chemical and cellular analysis, isolation and reaction.

Note: MEMSs include small mechanical structures  , micro-sensors, microactuators, and  microelectronics all integrated into the same silicon chip shape  .In designing MEMS systems, when ICs  are designed to utilize the electrical properties of silicon  , MEMS either derives from the mechanical properties of silicon  or from both the electrical and mechanical properties of silicon  . Microsensors make changes to the system by  obtaining information on mechanical, thermal, magnetic, chemical, or electromagnetic  phenomena  . MEMS devices are very small, their components  usually 

The  most famous example of a nanosensor used in medicine is cadmium selenide (CdSe). This compound works to detect cancerous tumors  using fluorescence properties.

Note:  Genome Nano biochip , a bioelectronic  and microarray  device  , widely   performs genomic, proteomic  and functional analysis  on a large scale.Genome  Nano biochip mainly includes three types: DNA microarray , protein microarray, and microfluidic  chip.  By integrating microarray and microfluidic systems, a total micro-nano analysis system is produced, often referred to as a lab-on-a-chip (LOC).  Advances in nanotechnology have  continuously reduced the size of  biochemistry , which in turn has reduced the cost of production and increased its high throughput capability.  Due to the advantages of low cost, high power and nano miniaturization, this technology has great potential. The biggest advantage of DNA arrays is its high speed and power, and it is used in various genomic applications, including  analysis by electric nanoparticles,  Genome Nano biochip.Genome Nano biochips  ,  especially  functional  microarrays , is used to study basic biological properties such as investigating the interaction of cells or other molecules.  Genome Nano Biochip Genome Nano biochip  are able to perform various types of chemical and cellular analysis, isolation and reaction.  Nano Biochip Genome Nano biochip  is one of the fastest growing areas of microfabrication  and the development of nanotechnology and many technologies to develop applications in a wide range of disciplines including analysis and detection in cells by Nano particles are made.

Note: Proliferation and expansion  of Lab-on-a-Chip diagnostic nanosensors in DNA detection is  a more specialized function of nanochips or gene and protein microarrays containing markers against the entire human genome to investigate genetic changes.Gene and protein microarrays in very small sizes with the capability of molecular detection based on DNA sequence and human proteins and other pathogenic agents that are used for research purposes. With the proliferation of biological nano sensors and Lab on a chip micro elements, medical diagnostic laboratories are able to examine and measure hundreds of biological substances, from counting blood cells to the detailed examination of blood factors and other body fluids and tissues, pathology  laboratories Clinically, various types of imaging systems such as  radiology, ultrasound, endoscopy, CT scan, MRI and other specialized diagnostic methods for examining various diseases  such as angiography, echocardiography, echocardiography, and other organs are highly developed. Is .  With the development of human knowledge in the fields of cellular and molecular sciences, genetics and identification of genes responsible for various diseases, Determining the sequence of the genome of pathogenic agents, checking and comparing them and creating genomic databases, developing molecular diagnostic methods,  specialized laboratories using these methods for accurate diagnosis of infectious pathogens, some genetic disorders and even in some cases for prenatal diagnosis. and the possibility of the fetus suffering from severe hereditary diseases and used to determine the gender of the fetus.

Note: The dynamic process of sorting and precise positioning of nano particle biomass in pre-defined microstructures is very important, however, this is a major obstacle to the realization of surface-sensitive nanobiosensors and practical nano bio chips.A scalable, widespread and non-destructive trapping method based on dielectric forces is much needed for nanoparticle collection and nanobiosensing tools.  Here, we present a vertical nanogap architecture with an electrode-insulator-electrode stack structure.  Facilitate the generation of strong dielectric forces at low voltages, for precise capture and manipulation of nanoparticles and molecular assemblies, including lipid vesicles and amyloid-beta fibrillar proteins/oligomers.  Our vertical nanoplastic platform allows low-voltage nanoparticles recorded in optical dimensional designs, providing new opportunities for the fabrication of advanced surface-sensitive sensors.

Note: Nano  bioelectrical biosensors have been created for various applications such as food quality estimation, environmental monitoring and diagnosis of clinical and metabolic complications.  Nanoelectronics technology has dedicated some very exciting materials to improve the sensing phenomenon.  The use of various nanomaterials, including nanoparticles, nanotubes, nanotubes, and nanowires, causes faster identification and reproducibility in a much better way.The unique properties of nanomaterials such as high electrical conductivity, better shock tolerance,  and sensitive responses such as versatile piezo-electric and color detection mechanisms are only results of the multitude of properties of nanomaterials.  Different types of biosensors are propagated based on different types of nanomaterials and their developmental and implicit aspects. The measurement of biological responses has assumed great importance in the current scenario of ever-dynamic environmental developments and altered homeostatic events that   occur  at the in vivo  as well as  intracorporeal level  .  Analyzing the behavior of changing materials is of great importance in areas such as pharmaceutical diagnostics, food quality screening, and environmental applications.

Note: NEMS and surface-to-body (BULK) micromachining technology, plus  LIGA-like and LIGA or high-aspect ratio  technologies, are the most developed manufacturing methods.Silicon  is the primary substrate used in the nano- microelectronics industry  . A crystal mold (  solid core 300nm diameter and 100nm nanometer long) is  crystallized from very high purity silicon and  cut to the desired thickness and then  polished by mechanical and chemical polishing  technologies. The characteristics of electromagnetic and mechanical beads are  due to the crystallization of the crystal and  its predicted impurities.

Note: Nanostructure is defined as any structure with one or more dimensions and is measured in the range of nanometer scale.Nanostructures are materials or structures that have at least one dimension between 1 and 100 nanometers have. The importance of the nanoscale is in changing the properties and characteristics of materials in these dimensions. Properties such as electrical conductivity, electromagnetic properties, etc. Starting to change the properties of the material by shrinking it depends above all on the type of material and the desired property. For example, by shrinking the dimensions of a material, generally, some of the electromagnetic properties of nano-molecular materials, such as the conductivity of nano particles in materials, are improved. This increase in strength does not happen only in the range of a few nanometers, and the strength of materials of several tens or even hundreds of nanometers may be much more than the mass material of a large scale. On the other hand, the change of some properties such as conductivity in electromagnetic properties in nanowires can occur in dimensions of only a few nanometers.

Note: In general, in order to receive the electromagnetic wave in the space, the dimensions of the antenna must be in the order of the wavelength of the input to its surface. Due to the very small dimensions of nano sensors, nano antennas need to have a very high working frequency to be usable.The use of graphene helps to solve this problem to a great extent. The speed of propagation of waves in CNTs and GNRs can be 100 times lower than its speed in vacuum, and this is related to the physical structure, temperature and energy. Based on this, the resonance frequency of graphene-based nano-antennas can be two orders of magnitude lower than nano-antennas based on nano-carbon materials. It has been mathematically and theoretically proven that a quasi-metallic carbon nanotube can emit terahertz radiation when a time-varying voltage is applied to its sides. One of the most important parameters of any nano antenna is the current distribution on it. This  characteristic determines the radiation pattern, radiation resistance and reactance and many  important characteristics of the antenna.  Despite the possibilities of making nanotubes with a length of several centimeters, it is possible to  make electrical conductors with a length-to-width ratio of the order of 10^7. has it. At first glance, nanotube antennas  give us the impression that they are similar to Dipole antennas designed in  small dimensions. But in fact, it is not  the case in the main theory of Dipole antennas to determine the distribution of current on the antenna,  where the Dipole radius is larger than the skin depth and also  the resistance losses are so low that they can be ignored.