Note: In this technique, a thin plate with designed apertures, called a stencil mask, is placed adjacent to the substrate and used in combination with material evaporation. be. Evaporated material stops at the upper surface of the stencil mask, except in the openings. So the material grows with specific patterns determined by the stencil mask.Using appropriate stencil masks, nanopatterned materials can be grown at wafer scale in one shot. Resolution down to 20 nm has been achieved and can be used on non-conventional substrates such as rope , but this technique suffers from some problems related to deposition. Shade under the stencil mask tolerates lifetime issues due to stencil mask deterioration caused by material depositing at the edge of the holes, eventually blocking them (occlusion effect). Advances such as the use of dynamic stencil masks have increased the range of applications of this technique.

Note: Scanning Nano Lithography or Scanning Nano Lithography  enables the original or improved nano pattern in applied fields ranging from quantum technologies to material science.In particular, ultra-fast and highly localized thermal processing of surfaces can be achieved through a sharp heating tip to create high-resolution patterns. Many possible applications of nanoscale modifications with thermal probes such as Scanning Nano Lithography are still applicable in nanoelectronics, especially when which can use extremely high heating and cooling rates.Many microsystems and nanosystems require precise nanoscale patterns that exhibit intrinsic functionality, such as some electronic properties. , photonic, chemical and mechanical. To make these nanoscale patterns, electron beam lithography is the most common lithography technique without direct writing and without mask.Scanning Nano Lithography A complex electron compatible optic is required to focus the electron beam into a spot of a few nanometers. Another issue is electron scattering, a kind of proximity effect, on the surface of the sample, which leads to the exposure of additional undesirable resistivity that must be corrected by intensive calculation algorithms. Scanning Nano Lithography is another method of direct writing nanolithography, where patterns are created by scanning a nanometer tip on the sample to create local changes.  Sample-sample interactions are numerous and can include mechanical, electrical, diffusion, and thermal effects.

Note: The ability to produce large micro- and nanostructures on non-planar surfaces is important for many applications such as optics, optoelectronics, nanophotonics, imaging technology, NEMS, and microfluidics.However, it is very difficult to create large nanostructures on curved or non-planar surfaces using existing patterning methods. Furthermore, a variety of current nanopatterning technologies, such as electron beam lithography, optical lithography, interference lithography (IL), etc., cannot meet all the practical demands of industrial applications in terms of high resolution. High power, low cost cope. , large area and patterns on non-flat and curved surface. Therefore, new high-volume nano-manufacturing technology urgently needs to be exploited and developed to meet the extraordinary needs of growing markets.Lithography Nanoelectronics is currently considered as a promising low-cost, high-throughput, and high-resolution nanopatterning method, especially for the production of large-scale small/nanopatterns and complex 3D structures, as well as the aspect The above characteristics of the ratio  have also given rise to these prominent advantages. This field becomes Especially, nanoelectronic lithography has great potential to set new standards for making miniature, low-cost and light-weight optics that can be used in many fields of applications.

Note: Graphene nanomemories  have been developed molecularly, providing excellent programmable nanoscale memory performance compared to previous graphene memory devices and a memory window. Large (12V), fast switching speed (1 microsecond), shows strong electrical reliability.Graphene molecular nanomemories shows unique electronic properties and its small dimensions, structural strength and high performance make it a charge storage medium for applications Nano memory is very promising. We use a set of techniques using a solution of nanoparticles, which creates a very thin layer on the target substrate and is used as a sacrificial layer during the nanopatterning process. will be

Note: Some materials can give rise to regular, nanoscale structures under appropriate and controlled conditions - self-assembly. The problem of this approach is the lack of flexibility in the structures that can be achieved and the materials that can be used, which limits the functions that can be realized.

Note:  The modeling of Si/Cu nanoparticles is based on a relationship between molecular mechanics and solid mechanics, an energy-equivalent model is used for the mechanical properties and nanomolecular structure of the sputtering layer of the material.In nanoelectronics technology, special parameters and systems must be used to perform such processes. For example, in the metal marking process,  it is inevitable to use copper metal instead of the common aluminum metal for internal connections between different practical parts. But the rapid penetration of  Cu atoms under Si during heat treatment leads to the formation of a copper silicide layer and ultimately causes the destruction of the electronic component. To solve this  problem, they usually use an intermediate layer of retarding materials such as Ta and w or Mo as a penetration barrier to improve the thermal stability of the Si/Cu layer  .

Note: Nano-photonics or nano-optics includes metal components that can transmit and focus light, often refers to ultraviolet, visible and infrared rays, whose wavelength ranges from 300 to 1200 nm. Nano lasers  are one of the components of Nano Photonics.Nanophotonics or nanooptics is the study of the behavior of light based on the interactions of optical material science and engineering, at wavelength and wavelength scales, where natural or chemical projects of nanostructured natural materials or nanotechnology at scale Nanophotonics and synthetics using optics including silicon-based semiconductors (where nanophotonics improve speed and performance) are associated with specific technologies such as optical engineering, electrical engineering, and nanotechnology.

Note: In nanoelectronics technology, special parameters and systems must be used to perform such processes. For example, in the metal marking process,  it is inevitable to use copper metal instead of the common aluminum metal for internal connections between different practical parts. But the rapid penetration of  Cu atoms under Si during heat treatment leads to the formation of a copper silicide layer and ultimately causes the destruction of the electronic component. To solve this  problem, they usually use an intermediate layer of retarding materials such as Ta and w or Mo as a penetration barrier to improve the thermal stability of the Si/Cu layer  . In the characterization of nanoparticles and Si/Ta/Cu multi-layer systems, there is an effect of negative bias voltage on improving the electrical and structural properties of the permeation barrier of the Ta sputtering layer in the Si/Ta system.  Surface processes of the Si layer, including burning, are carried out by plasma and ion beam technology. This kind of  integrated circuits with their unique characteristics in the nanometer scale have various applications of mesoscopic systems.

Note: In the electrical structure of hybridization (metal nanotube), the reaction with hydrogen and fluorine gas, by entering  SP3, turns the hybridization structure of metal nanotube into a semiconductor. These reactions sometimes destroy the walls of nanotubes and lead to the formation of amorphous carbon or graphite layered structures. By hydrogenation of single-walled nanotubes, the semiconducting nature of SWCNTs increases at room temperature. Strong plasma or reaction at high temperature causes the wall of metal nanotubes to be etched.  that semiconductor SWCNTs are not damaged.  Therefore, it is very important to control the reaction conditions.  In nanotubes, the reaction with methane plasma  removes metal SWCNTs without destroying  semiconductor SWCNTs. In  the method of using  nanomolecular soft hydrogen plasma, in which  hydrogen plasma is used to convert metal SWCNTs into  semiconducting SWCNTs, and in  this case, the walls of the nanotubes  are not destroyed or etched.  These reactions, which are carried out in the gas phase,  cause in-situ and high-scale fabrication of TFTS and  FETS with semiconductor nanotubes,  which is very important for the commercialization of high-efficiency devices  based on nanotubes.  By choosing suitable reactive gases, this  method can also be used for selective reactivity with  semiconductor nanotubes.  by reacting SWCNTs SO3 as  under neutral gas in the presence of gas; Reactive gas inside the furnace at 400 C◦ temperature, semiconductor nanotubes  are preferred  with reactive gas . After that, the nanotube is heated to a temperature of 900°C  to restore the metal nanotubes  with structural defects. This process  is a simple way to enrich the nanotube sample from  metal nanotubes. The mass production of metal nanotubes  can be done with a more precise control of the reaction conditions  and finally increase the  production scale of its uses, including conductive films and  transparent electrodes.

Note:  ( endohedral nanostructures)  means a natural, accidental or manufactured substance containing particles, in an unconfined state or as an aggregate or as agglomerate and where for 50% or more of the particles in the number size distribution, One or more external dimensions in the size range 1 nm - 100 nm in certain cases and in cases where, the size distribution threshold may be replaced by a threshold between nanoparticles of the material.Inferring from the above,  nanostructures  with one or more external dimensions less than 1 nm should be considered as vital tools in nanoelectronics. ( endohedral nanostructures)  that react naturally. or produced as a by-product of combustion (unintentional) from combustion processes. They are usually physically and chemically heterogeneous and are often called porous particles. On the other hand,  (  endohedral nanostructures)  which  are produced and designed from multiple structures with physical and electronic purposes for a specific purpose or function. The important feature of all  ( endohedral nanostructures)  is summarized in the fact that the number of atoms (surface) in them is more than the number of atoms (volume). This ratio increases with decreasing size (nanoparticle). Therefore, the size of the nanoparticle is considered its most important feature. The shapes and sizes  ( endohedral nanostructures)  are naturally determined based on the composition and conditions of their formation. The characteristics  of  ( endohedral nanostructures)  in turn  determine the originality of the nanostructure characteristics and their possible fields of operation. The range from 1 to 1000 nm  is introduced  as the range of  ( endohedral nanostructures) .

Note: One of the catalyst systems is nano-reactors. One of the applications of nano-reactors is the electronic conductivity of porous materials smaller than  011 nm.Nano-reactors are very diverse. Simple or complex, organic and inorganic materials with electrical conductivity, volume, and tissue cavity are used as nano-reactors. Unlike micro-reactors, the reaction space inside the nanoreactors greatly affects the mobility and interactions between the molecules inside it. So the nano-reactor is not just a simple storage container and plays an important role in  the electrochemical process. Nano-reactors are relatively new materials, but in nature, nano-reactors have long been used in processes. Electrochemical reactions in confined spaces with nanometer dimensions and micrometer volumes result in changes in the kinetics and direction of the whole  process. To such confined spaces used for specific electrochemical reactions, a nano-reactor they say . Nano-reactors are very small nanometer-sized chambers that have the potential to improve electrochemical conversions by protecting catalysts from environmental impacts  as well as encapsulating reactors and catalysts in a small space for a long time  . In fact, nanoreactors are porous materials, one of which is nanoscale.

Note:  In aerospace, carbon nanotubes can be used in the formation of airplane wings and projectiles.  Nanotubes are used in combination to bend in response to the application of electrical voltage.