Trophic transfers from aquatic to terrestrial communities are well-documented in surface ecosystems which are dependent on photosynthesis, yet they remain largely understudied in sulfidic hypogean karst systems sustained by chemoautotrophy. Here, we applied a multi-approach stable-isotope analysis (δ¹³C, δ¹⁵N) to quantify trophic links between sulfidic groundwater and subterranean terrestrial communities in Sulfur Cave (Sarandaporo Valley, Albania-Greece border), tracing energy flow from chemoautotrophic microbial biofilms through dominant aquatic primary consumers (Tanytarsus albisutus, Chironomus riparius, Contacyphon palustris) to terrestrial predators (spiders, centipedes, pseudoscorpions and scorpions). Distinct trophic structures emerged among cave zones, with spatially segregated food webs clearly separated by stable-isotope signatures. Low niche overlap indicates limited sharing of trophic resources and a high degree of compartmentalization within the cave ecosystem. Chemosynthetically produced food was transferred almost exclusively to terrestrial predators via emerging aquatic insects, driving a largely unidirectional energy flow. A top predator showed zone-specific reliance on emerging aquatic insects indicating that aquatic subsidies cause predators to switch prey, depending on prey availability and location within the cave. Overall, this study challenges long-standing paradigms in subterranean ecology derived largely from epigenic karstic caves and sparsely studied sulfidic systems. Thus, we highlight the need to reconsider generalizations drawn from non-sulfidic karst systems when interpreting energy flow and ecosystem functioning in chemically driven subterranean systems.

The rapid decline in global biodiversity underscores the critical need for comprehensive monitoring of wildlife distribution and abundance. This study explores the trends in applied hierarchical modeling, which is an important tool in addressing these conservation challenges. By analyzing a dataset of 697 peer-reviewed articles published between 2002 and 2022, we examine the taxonomic focus, detection procedures, study designs, and modeling choices within the field of population ecology. Our findings revealed that most studies concentrated on single taxonomic groups, particularly mammals and birds. Data collection methods included visual surveys, acoustic surveys, camera traps, and traps, with some studies combining multiple techniques. Notably, the United States dominated the geographical focus, accounting for 46% of published papers. In terms of modeling approaches, single-season occupancy was the most prevalent, followed by various other models, including multi-species occupancy and N-mixture models. While hierarchical modeling has gained popularity, citations for these articles remained relatively modest, with only a few achieving over 100 citations. Authorship analysis revealed a highly collaborative network of researchers, with key authors contributing significantly to the field’s development and dissemination. Co-authorship and co-citation networks highlighted the importance of authors who can bridge differing scientific groups and those that have made substantial contributions to hierarchical modeling methods. Despite its growth, the field faces challenges related to standardization in modeling and reporting practices. While efforts to address these issues are currently underway, a cohesive framework for occupancy modeling in ecology is still in an emerging stage.